Question #1
Sealines Inc is developing its fleet of cargo ships. The company is planning to build a new ship powered by natural gas. Brian, the procurement manager at Sealines, suggests the project team to develop a through-life specification before engaging with the supplier.
Is this a correct approach?
- A . Yes, decommissioning and disposal costs will not be accounted in this approach
- B . Yes, this approach will lower the total cost of ownership
- C . No, a ship is used only once, through-life management is unnecessary
- D . No, the company just needs to select the lowest bidder
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
Through-life management is a approach applied to capital asset. According to Ward and Graves, Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
According to CIPS study guide, through- life management comprises of 6 parts:
B
Explanation:
Through-life management is a approach applied to capital asset. According to Ward and Graves, Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
According to CIPS study guide, through- life management comprises of 6 parts:
Question #1
Sealines Inc is developing its fleet of cargo ships. The company is planning to build a new ship powered by natural gas. Brian, the procurement manager at Sealines, suggests the project team to develop a through-life specification before engaging with the supplier.
Is this a correct approach?
- A . Yes, decommissioning and disposal costs will not be accounted in this approach
- B . Yes, this approach will lower the total cost of ownership
- C . No, a ship is used only once, through-life management is unnecessary
- D . No, the company just needs to select the lowest bidder
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
Through-life management is a approach applied to capital asset. According to Ward and Graves, Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
According to CIPS study guide, through- life management comprises of 6 parts:
B
Explanation:
Through-life management is a approach applied to capital asset. According to Ward and Graves, Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
According to CIPS study guide, through- life management comprises of 6 parts:
Question #1
Sealines Inc is developing its fleet of cargo ships. The company is planning to build a new ship powered by natural gas. Brian, the procurement manager at Sealines, suggests the project team to develop a through-life specification before engaging with the supplier.
Is this a correct approach?
- A . Yes, decommissioning and disposal costs will not be accounted in this approach
- B . Yes, this approach will lower the total cost of ownership
- C . No, a ship is used only once, through-life management is unnecessary
- D . No, the company just needs to select the lowest bidder
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
Through-life management is a approach applied to capital asset. According to Ward and Graves, Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
According to CIPS study guide, through- life management comprises of 6 parts:
B
Explanation:
Through-life management is a approach applied to capital asset. According to Ward and Graves, Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
According to CIPS study guide, through- life management comprises of 6 parts:
Question #1
Sealines Inc is developing its fleet of cargo ships. The company is planning to build a new ship powered by natural gas. Brian, the procurement manager at Sealines, suggests the project team to develop a through-life specification before engaging with the supplier.
Is this a correct approach?
- A . Yes, decommissioning and disposal costs will not be accounted in this approach
- B . Yes, this approach will lower the total cost of ownership
- C . No, a ship is used only once, through-life management is unnecessary
- D . No, the company just needs to select the lowest bidder
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
Through-life management is a approach applied to capital asset. According to Ward and Graves, Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
According to CIPS study guide, through- life management comprises of 6 parts:
B
Explanation:
Through-life management is a approach applied to capital asset. According to Ward and Graves, Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
According to CIPS study guide, through- life management comprises of 6 parts:
Question #1
Sealines Inc is developing its fleet of cargo ships. The company is planning to build a new ship powered by natural gas. Brian, the procurement manager at Sealines, suggests the project team to develop a through-life specification before engaging with the supplier.
Is this a correct approach?
- A . Yes, decommissioning and disposal costs will not be accounted in this approach
- B . Yes, this approach will lower the total cost of ownership
- C . No, a ship is used only once, through-life management is unnecessary
- D . No, the company just needs to select the lowest bidder
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
Through-life management is a approach applied to capital asset. According to Ward and Graves, Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
According to CIPS study guide, through- life management comprises of 6 parts:
B
Explanation:
Through-life management is a approach applied to capital asset. According to Ward and Graves, Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
According to CIPS study guide, through- life management comprises of 6 parts:
Question #1
Sealines Inc is developing its fleet of cargo ships. The company is planning to build a new ship powered by natural gas. Brian, the procurement manager at Sealines, suggests the project team to develop a through-life specification before engaging with the supplier.
Is this a correct approach?
- A . Yes, decommissioning and disposal costs will not be accounted in this approach
- B . Yes, this approach will lower the total cost of ownership
- C . No, a ship is used only once, through-life management is unnecessary
- D . No, the company just needs to select the lowest bidder
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
Through-life management is a approach applied to capital asset. According to Ward and Graves, Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
According to CIPS study guide, through- life management comprises of 6 parts:
B
Explanation:
Through-life management is a approach applied to capital asset. According to Ward and Graves, Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
According to CIPS study guide, through- life management comprises of 6 parts:
Question #1
Sealines Inc is developing its fleet of cargo ships. The company is planning to build a new ship powered by natural gas. Brian, the procurement manager at Sealines, suggests the project team to develop a through-life specification before engaging with the supplier.
Is this a correct approach?
- A . Yes, decommissioning and disposal costs will not be accounted in this approach
- B . Yes, this approach will lower the total cost of ownership
- C . No, a ship is used only once, through-life management is unnecessary
- D . No, the company just needs to select the lowest bidder
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
Through-life management is a approach applied to capital asset. According to Ward and Graves, Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
According to CIPS study guide, through- life management comprises of 6 parts:
B
Explanation:
Through-life management is a approach applied to capital asset. According to Ward and Graves, Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
According to CIPS study guide, through- life management comprises of 6 parts:
Question #8
Which of the following activities are considered as secondary activities of an organization? Select TWO that apply
- A . Component fabrication
- B . Training
- C . Information system development
- D . Shipping
- E . Service response
Correct Answer: B,C
B,C
Explanation:
According to Porter’s value chain, secondary activities consist of firm infrastructure, human re-source management, technology development and procurement.
Training is an example of human resource development, while information system is a part of firm infrastructure.
LO 2, AC 2.1
B,C
Explanation:
According to Porter’s value chain, secondary activities consist of firm infrastructure, human re-source management, technology development and procurement.
Training is an example of human resource development, while information system is a part of firm infrastructure.
LO 2, AC 2.1
Question #9
A procurement manager is writing a conformance specification for a non-core component. She thinks that if the requirements in specification are higher than ISO standards, her company can achieve greater cost-savings.
Is the procurement manager’s opinion correct?
- A . No, because higher specification may incur additional costs for the buyer
- B . No, because higher requirements in specification, the greater bargaining power of buying organisation
- C . Yes, because optimising the specification is the only method to achieve value for money
- D . Yes, because higher requirements will help buying organisation find the best supplier
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
The specification that is produced too detailed will incur unnecessary cost because it does not allow suppliers to use their expertise in finding the most efficient way to produce it. ‘No, because higher requirements in specification, the greater bargaining power of buying organi-sation’: more detailed specifications could tighten the supplier base and potentially leave buying organisation with fewer potential supplier. This may reduce buyer’s bargaining power in negotia-tion.
‘Yes, because higher requirements will help buying organisation find the best supplier’: in some circumstances, higher requirements will lead to smaller supplier base. In the worst scenario, there is no supplier who has capability to carry out those requirements
‘Yes, because optimising the specification is the only method to achieve value for money’: There are other methods to achieve cost saving and value for money, inter alia, volume concentration, relationship restructuring, etc.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 118-119
LO 3, AC 3.1
A
Explanation:
The specification that is produced too detailed will incur unnecessary cost because it does not allow suppliers to use their expertise in finding the most efficient way to produce it. ‘No, because higher requirements in specification, the greater bargaining power of buying organi-sation’: more detailed specifications could tighten the supplier base and potentially leave buying organisation with fewer potential supplier. This may reduce buyer’s bargaining power in negotia-tion.
‘Yes, because higher requirements will help buying organisation find the best supplier’: in some circumstances, higher requirements will lead to smaller supplier base. In the worst scenario, there is no supplier who has capability to carry out those requirements
‘Yes, because optimising the specification is the only method to achieve value for money’: There are other methods to achieve cost saving and value for money, inter alia, volume concentration, relationship restructuring, etc.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 118-119
LO 3, AC 3.1
Question #9
A procurement manager is writing a conformance specification for a non-core component. She thinks that if the requirements in specification are higher than ISO standards, her company can achieve greater cost-savings.
Is the procurement manager’s opinion correct?
- A . No, because higher specification may incur additional costs for the buyer
- B . No, because higher requirements in specification, the greater bargaining power of buying organisation
- C . Yes, because optimising the specification is the only method to achieve value for money
- D . Yes, because higher requirements will help buying organisation find the best supplier
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
The specification that is produced too detailed will incur unnecessary cost because it does not allow suppliers to use their expertise in finding the most efficient way to produce it. ‘No, because higher requirements in specification, the greater bargaining power of buying organi-sation’: more detailed specifications could tighten the supplier base and potentially leave buying organisation with fewer potential supplier. This may reduce buyer’s bargaining power in negotia-tion.
‘Yes, because higher requirements will help buying organisation find the best supplier’: in some circumstances, higher requirements will lead to smaller supplier base. In the worst scenario, there is no supplier who has capability to carry out those requirements
‘Yes, because optimising the specification is the only method to achieve value for money’: There are other methods to achieve cost saving and value for money, inter alia, volume concentration, relationship restructuring, etc.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 118-119
LO 3, AC 3.1
A
Explanation:
The specification that is produced too detailed will incur unnecessary cost because it does not allow suppliers to use their expertise in finding the most efficient way to produce it. ‘No, because higher requirements in specification, the greater bargaining power of buying organi-sation’: more detailed specifications could tighten the supplier base and potentially leave buying organisation with fewer potential supplier. This may reduce buyer’s bargaining power in negotia-tion.
‘Yes, because higher requirements will help buying organisation find the best supplier’: in some circumstances, higher requirements will lead to smaller supplier base. In the worst scenario, there is no supplier who has capability to carry out those requirements
‘Yes, because optimising the specification is the only method to achieve value for money’: There are other methods to achieve cost saving and value for money, inter alia, volume concentration, relationship restructuring, etc.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 118-119
LO 3, AC 3.1
Question #9
A procurement manager is writing a conformance specification for a non-core component. She thinks that if the requirements in specification are higher than ISO standards, her company can achieve greater cost-savings.
Is the procurement manager’s opinion correct?
- A . No, because higher specification may incur additional costs for the buyer
- B . No, because higher requirements in specification, the greater bargaining power of buying organisation
- C . Yes, because optimising the specification is the only method to achieve value for money
- D . Yes, because higher requirements will help buying organisation find the best supplier
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
The specification that is produced too detailed will incur unnecessary cost because it does not allow suppliers to use their expertise in finding the most efficient way to produce it. ‘No, because higher requirements in specification, the greater bargaining power of buying organi-sation’: more detailed specifications could tighten the supplier base and potentially leave buying organisation with fewer potential supplier. This may reduce buyer’s bargaining power in negotia-tion.
‘Yes, because higher requirements will help buying organisation find the best supplier’: in some circumstances, higher requirements will lead to smaller supplier base. In the worst scenario, there is no supplier who has capability to carry out those requirements
‘Yes, because optimising the specification is the only method to achieve value for money’: There are other methods to achieve cost saving and value for money, inter alia, volume concentration, relationship restructuring, etc.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 118-119
LO 3, AC 3.1
A
Explanation:
The specification that is produced too detailed will incur unnecessary cost because it does not allow suppliers to use their expertise in finding the most efficient way to produce it. ‘No, because higher requirements in specification, the greater bargaining power of buying organi-sation’: more detailed specifications could tighten the supplier base and potentially leave buying organisation with fewer potential supplier. This may reduce buyer’s bargaining power in negotia-tion.
‘Yes, because higher requirements will help buying organisation find the best supplier’: in some circumstances, higher requirements will lead to smaller supplier base. In the worst scenario, there is no supplier who has capability to carry out those requirements
‘Yes, because optimising the specification is the only method to achieve value for money’: There are other methods to achieve cost saving and value for money, inter alia, volume concentration, relationship restructuring, etc.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 118-119
LO 3, AC 3.1
Question #9
A procurement manager is writing a conformance specification for a non-core component. She thinks that if the requirements in specification are higher than ISO standards, her company can achieve greater cost-savings.
Is the procurement manager’s opinion correct?
- A . No, because higher specification may incur additional costs for the buyer
- B . No, because higher requirements in specification, the greater bargaining power of buying organisation
- C . Yes, because optimising the specification is the only method to achieve value for money
- D . Yes, because higher requirements will help buying organisation find the best supplier
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
The specification that is produced too detailed will incur unnecessary cost because it does not allow suppliers to use their expertise in finding the most efficient way to produce it. ‘No, because higher requirements in specification, the greater bargaining power of buying organi-sation’: more detailed specifications could tighten the supplier base and potentially leave buying organisation with fewer potential supplier. This may reduce buyer’s bargaining power in negotia-tion.
‘Yes, because higher requirements will help buying organisation find the best supplier’: in some circumstances, higher requirements will lead to smaller supplier base. In the worst scenario, there is no supplier who has capability to carry out those requirements
‘Yes, because optimising the specification is the only method to achieve value for money’: There are other methods to achieve cost saving and value for money, inter alia, volume concentration, relationship restructuring, etc.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 118-119
LO 3, AC 3.1
A
Explanation:
The specification that is produced too detailed will incur unnecessary cost because it does not allow suppliers to use their expertise in finding the most efficient way to produce it. ‘No, because higher requirements in specification, the greater bargaining power of buying organi-sation’: more detailed specifications could tighten the supplier base and potentially leave buying organisation with fewer potential supplier. This may reduce buyer’s bargaining power in negotia-tion.
‘Yes, because higher requirements will help buying organisation find the best supplier’: in some circumstances, higher requirements will lead to smaller supplier base. In the worst scenario, there is no supplier who has capability to carry out those requirements
‘Yes, because optimising the specification is the only method to achieve value for money’: There are other methods to achieve cost saving and value for money, inter alia, volume concentration, relationship restructuring, etc.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 118-119
LO 3, AC 3.1
Question #13
Competitors are increasingly deploying robotics and automation to boost productivity.
Which of the below business sectors does EV Inc belong to?
- A . Construction
- B . Manufacturing
- C . Financial services
- D . Retails
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
Every sector among the options requires intensive capital investment. However, only manufacturing and retails bury much of their working capital in form of inventory. Raw materials and WIP only present in manufacturing sector.
The manufacturing industry is undergoing massive change, rivaling the Industrial Revolution that began in England and continued on Detroit’s assembly lines. But today’s revolution is “smart,” thanks to factories using artificial intelligence and robots.
A new trend is the “cobot” ― a collaborative robot designed to work with humans. One company called Moduform uses them to make furniture in the U.S. The company credits using cobots for reducing their staffing turnover, since the robots do mundane repetitive tasks that bore humans, while people can now do cognitive tasks requiring judgment and diversified responsibilities. Other innovations include 3D printing, Artificial Intelligence and automation.
Today’s artificial intelligence manufacturing revolution improves performance in two key areas of manufacturing: productivity and quality control.
Reference:
– The Key Characteristics of Manufacturing (bizfluent.com)
– CIPS study guide page 74-76
LO 2, AC 2.1
B
Explanation:
Every sector among the options requires intensive capital investment. However, only manufacturing and retails bury much of their working capital in form of inventory. Raw materials and WIP only present in manufacturing sector.
The manufacturing industry is undergoing massive change, rivaling the Industrial Revolution that began in England and continued on Detroit’s assembly lines. But today’s revolution is “smart,” thanks to factories using artificial intelligence and robots.
A new trend is the “cobot” ― a collaborative robot designed to work with humans. One company called Moduform uses them to make furniture in the U.S. The company credits using cobots for reducing their staffing turnover, since the robots do mundane repetitive tasks that bore humans, while people can now do cognitive tasks requiring judgment and diversified responsibilities. Other innovations include 3D printing, Artificial Intelligence and automation.
Today’s artificial intelligence manufacturing revolution improves performance in two key areas of manufacturing: productivity and quality control.
Reference:
– The Key Characteristics of Manufacturing (bizfluent.com)
– CIPS study guide page 74-76
LO 2, AC 2.1
Question #14
A procurement manager is discussing with other stakeholders about the scope and the implementation of the upcoming construction project. A stakeholder argues that the construction projects are often risky as the overall scope of the work can’t be accurately estimated from the beginning. Furthermore, the project spans over a long period, the costs of materials can fluctuate widely. The procurement manager suggests that the pricing structure should be able to cover the supplier’s costs plus 10% markup on total costs.
This arrangement is known as…?
- A . Cost-plus fixed-fee
- B . Cost-plus award fee
- C . Cost-plus incentive fee contracts
- D . Cost-plus Fixed percentage
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
As you can see from the scenario, the procurement manager is suggesting to use cost plus pricing arrangement.
A cost-plus contract is an agreement to reimburse a company for expenses incurred plus a specific amount of profit, usually stated as a percentage of the contract’s full price. These type of contracts are primarily used in construction where the buyer assumes some of the risk but also provides a degree of flexibility to the contractor.
Cost-plus contracts can be separated into four categories. They each allow for the reimbursement of costs as well as an additional amount for profit:
D
Explanation:
As you can see from the scenario, the procurement manager is suggesting to use cost plus pricing arrangement.
A cost-plus contract is an agreement to reimburse a company for expenses incurred plus a specific amount of profit, usually stated as a percentage of the contract’s full price. These type of contracts are primarily used in construction where the buyer assumes some of the risk but also provides a degree of flexibility to the contractor.
Cost-plus contracts can be separated into four categories. They each allow for the reimbursement of costs as well as an additional amount for profit:
Question #14
A procurement manager is discussing with other stakeholders about the scope and the implementation of the upcoming construction project. A stakeholder argues that the construction projects are often risky as the overall scope of the work can’t be accurately estimated from the beginning. Furthermore, the project spans over a long period, the costs of materials can fluctuate widely. The procurement manager suggests that the pricing structure should be able to cover the supplier’s costs plus 10% markup on total costs.
This arrangement is known as…?
- A . Cost-plus fixed-fee
- B . Cost-plus award fee
- C . Cost-plus incentive fee contracts
- D . Cost-plus Fixed percentage
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
As you can see from the scenario, the procurement manager is suggesting to use cost plus pricing arrangement.
A cost-plus contract is an agreement to reimburse a company for expenses incurred plus a specific amount of profit, usually stated as a percentage of the contract’s full price. These type of contracts are primarily used in construction where the buyer assumes some of the risk but also provides a degree of flexibility to the contractor.
Cost-plus contracts can be separated into four categories. They each allow for the reimbursement of costs as well as an additional amount for profit:
D
Explanation:
As you can see from the scenario, the procurement manager is suggesting to use cost plus pricing arrangement.
A cost-plus contract is an agreement to reimburse a company for expenses incurred plus a specific amount of profit, usually stated as a percentage of the contract’s full price. These type of contracts are primarily used in construction where the buyer assumes some of the risk but also provides a degree of flexibility to the contractor.
Cost-plus contracts can be separated into four categories. They each allow for the reimbursement of costs as well as an additional amount for profit:
Question #14
A procurement manager is discussing with other stakeholders about the scope and the implementation of the upcoming construction project. A stakeholder argues that the construction projects are often risky as the overall scope of the work can’t be accurately estimated from the beginning. Furthermore, the project spans over a long period, the costs of materials can fluctuate widely. The procurement manager suggests that the pricing structure should be able to cover the supplier’s costs plus 10% markup on total costs.
This arrangement is known as…?
- A . Cost-plus fixed-fee
- B . Cost-plus award fee
- C . Cost-plus incentive fee contracts
- D . Cost-plus Fixed percentage
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
As you can see from the scenario, the procurement manager is suggesting to use cost plus pricing arrangement.
A cost-plus contract is an agreement to reimburse a company for expenses incurred plus a specific amount of profit, usually stated as a percentage of the contract’s full price. These type of contracts are primarily used in construction where the buyer assumes some of the risk but also provides a degree of flexibility to the contractor.
Cost-plus contracts can be separated into four categories. They each allow for the reimbursement of costs as well as an additional amount for profit:
D
Explanation:
As you can see from the scenario, the procurement manager is suggesting to use cost plus pricing arrangement.
A cost-plus contract is an agreement to reimburse a company for expenses incurred plus a specific amount of profit, usually stated as a percentage of the contract’s full price. These type of contracts are primarily used in construction where the buyer assumes some of the risk but also provides a degree of flexibility to the contractor.
Cost-plus contracts can be separated into four categories. They each allow for the reimbursement of costs as well as an additional amount for profit:
Question #14
A procurement manager is discussing with other stakeholders about the scope and the implementation of the upcoming construction project. A stakeholder argues that the construction projects are often risky as the overall scope of the work can’t be accurately estimated from the beginning. Furthermore, the project spans over a long period, the costs of materials can fluctuate widely. The procurement manager suggests that the pricing structure should be able to cover the supplier’s costs plus 10% markup on total costs.
This arrangement is known as…?
- A . Cost-plus fixed-fee
- B . Cost-plus award fee
- C . Cost-plus incentive fee contracts
- D . Cost-plus Fixed percentage
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
As you can see from the scenario, the procurement manager is suggesting to use cost plus pricing arrangement.
A cost-plus contract is an agreement to reimburse a company for expenses incurred plus a specific amount of profit, usually stated as a percentage of the contract’s full price. These type of contracts are primarily used in construction where the buyer assumes some of the risk but also provides a degree of flexibility to the contractor.
Cost-plus contracts can be separated into four categories. They each allow for the reimbursement of costs as well as an additional amount for profit:
D
Explanation:
As you can see from the scenario, the procurement manager is suggesting to use cost plus pricing arrangement.
A cost-plus contract is an agreement to reimburse a company for expenses incurred plus a specific amount of profit, usually stated as a percentage of the contract’s full price. These type of contracts are primarily used in construction where the buyer assumes some of the risk but also provides a degree of flexibility to the contractor.
Cost-plus contracts can be separated into four categories. They each allow for the reimbursement of costs as well as an additional amount for profit:
Question #14
A procurement manager is discussing with other stakeholders about the scope and the implementation of the upcoming construction project. A stakeholder argues that the construction projects are often risky as the overall scope of the work can’t be accurately estimated from the beginning. Furthermore, the project spans over a long period, the costs of materials can fluctuate widely. The procurement manager suggests that the pricing structure should be able to cover the supplier’s costs plus 10% markup on total costs.
This arrangement is known as…?
- A . Cost-plus fixed-fee
- B . Cost-plus award fee
- C . Cost-plus incentive fee contracts
- D . Cost-plus Fixed percentage
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
As you can see from the scenario, the procurement manager is suggesting to use cost plus pricing arrangement.
A cost-plus contract is an agreement to reimburse a company for expenses incurred plus a specific amount of profit, usually stated as a percentage of the contract’s full price. These type of contracts are primarily used in construction where the buyer assumes some of the risk but also provides a degree of flexibility to the contractor.
Cost-plus contracts can be separated into four categories. They each allow for the reimbursement of costs as well as an additional amount for profit:
D
Explanation:
As you can see from the scenario, the procurement manager is suggesting to use cost plus pricing arrangement.
A cost-plus contract is an agreement to reimburse a company for expenses incurred plus a specific amount of profit, usually stated as a percentage of the contract’s full price. These type of contracts are primarily used in construction where the buyer assumes some of the risk but also provides a degree of flexibility to the contractor.
Cost-plus contracts can be separated into four categories. They each allow for the reimbursement of costs as well as an additional amount for profit:
Question #19
Facing fiercer competition at home and abroad, IKEA, the leading furniture retailer, needs to im-prove its competitiveness. In order to do this, IKEA must decrease operating costs and improve quality of current and new retail stores. The company establishes a project team. The job of the team is to collect data on performance from multiple stores in several countries, then select the best performing one. The team will work closely with best performing store and study its processes. After the research, the team will recommend best practices to other retail stores. IKEA management can also apply these practices to new stores in the future.
Which of the following correctly describe the process undertaken by IKEA project team?
- A . Internal benchmarking
- B . Competitive benchmarking
- C . Internal audit
- D . Site visit
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
Basically, IKEA project team is undertaking the following process:
A
Explanation:
Basically, IKEA project team is undertaking the following process:
A picture containing text, businesscard
Description automatically generated
This is a typical benchmarking process. Benchmarking is defined as the process of measuring products, services, and processes against those of organizations known to be leaders in one or more aspects of their operations. Benchmarking provides necessary insights to help you understand how your organization compares with similar organizations, even if they are in a different business or have a different group of customers.
In the scenario, benchmarking process is undertaken within subsidiaries of IKEA, thus it is internal.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 49-51
– What is Benchmarking? Technical & Competitive Benchmarking Process | ASQ
– Internal Benchmarking at IKEA
LO 1, AC 1.3
Question #20
GE has developed TurboProp engine that is made from over 850 metal parts. These parts are sourced from many suppliers. Value of spend on these parts make up 73% of total spend. Any delay in receiving a part will cause a bottleneck around the production of the engine.
Which of the following should be the best course of action of GE’s CPO?
- A . Drive down prices by using market competition
- B . Increase production
- C . Part standardisation
- D . Reduce delivery cost
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
In this scenario, the final product has vast range of parts. The second problem is lacking any part can cause disruption to the production process. So GE has 2 things to do: to reduce the part varie-ties, and secure the supply. Part standardisation is the best option here. It can simplify the range of parts or materials used, and simultaneously, it expands the supply base of GE. If a supplier fails to deliver the part, the company always has other options to replace.
Costs are also a concern, but bottleneck in production imposes a serious risk to the organisation. Driving down costs using market competition cannot be a foremost priority.
Increasing production may help to reduce bottleneck. However, it will also increase the inventory of finished products and unnecessary upkeep costs. LO 3, AC 3.4
C
Explanation:
In this scenario, the final product has vast range of parts. The second problem is lacking any part can cause disruption to the production process. So GE has 2 things to do: to reduce the part varie-ties, and secure the supply. Part standardisation is the best option here. It can simplify the range of parts or materials used, and simultaneously, it expands the supply base of GE. If a supplier fails to deliver the part, the company always has other options to replace.
Costs are also a concern, but bottleneck in production imposes a serious risk to the organisation. Driving down costs using market competition cannot be a foremost priority.
Increasing production may help to reduce bottleneck. However, it will also increase the inventory of finished products and unnecessary upkeep costs. LO 3, AC 3.4
Question #21
Which of the following is the best definition of target costing?
- A . The net present cost of the purchase or project and all future revenues flowing from it discounted back to the present time.
- B . The total of all costs in acquiring goods or services from the inception of the demand for them until their safe and satisfactory delivery at the point required.
- C . The cost of a product after analysing its components step by step
- D . A product cost estimate derived from a competitive market price.
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
Target costing is an activity aimed at reducing the life-cycle costs of new products, while ensuring quality, reliability, and other consumer requirements by examining all possible ideas for cost reduction at the product planning, research and development and prototyping phases of production. But it is not just a cost reduction technique; it is part of a comprehensive strategic profit management system.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 161
LO 3, AC 3.4
D
Explanation:
Target costing is an activity aimed at reducing the life-cycle costs of new products, while ensuring quality, reliability, and other consumer requirements by examining all possible ideas for cost reduction at the product planning, research and development and prototyping phases of production. But it is not just a cost reduction technique; it is part of a comprehensive strategic profit management system.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 161
LO 3, AC 3.4
Question #22
Why should procurement professionals develop business case before seeking approval to purchase capital equipment?
- A . Using business case will prevent new entrants from entering the supply market
- B . A business case can be used as a replacement of purchase order
- C . Business case is a tool that eliminates all risks associated with the project
- D . Devising business case may prompt the procurement to consider different options
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
A business case is developed during the early stages of a project and outlines the why, what, how, and who necessary to decide if it is worthwhile continuing a project. One of the first things you need to know when starting a new project are the benefits of the proposed business change and how to communicate those benefits to the business.
Preparing the business case involves an assessment of:
– Business problem or opportunity
– Benefits
– Risk
– Costs including investment appraisal
– Technical solutions
– Timescale
– Impact on operations
– Organizational capability to deliver the project outcomes
These project issues are an important part of the business case. They express the problems with the current situation and demonstrate the benefits of the new business vision. Making business case with multiple options and choices also prompts the procurement and senior management to consider alternatives. As a result, the organisation may opt out the best option.
The business case brings together the benefits, disadvantages, costs, and risks of the current situa-tion and future vision so that executive management can decide if the project should go ahead.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 19-21
– How to Write a Business Case – Template & Examples | Adobe Workfront LO 1, AC 1.1
D
Explanation:
A business case is developed during the early stages of a project and outlines the why, what, how, and who necessary to decide if it is worthwhile continuing a project. One of the first things you need to know when starting a new project are the benefits of the proposed business change and how to communicate those benefits to the business.
Preparing the business case involves an assessment of:
– Business problem or opportunity
– Benefits
– Risk
– Costs including investment appraisal
– Technical solutions
– Timescale
– Impact on operations
– Organizational capability to deliver the project outcomes
These project issues are an important part of the business case. They express the problems with the current situation and demonstrate the benefits of the new business vision. Making business case with multiple options and choices also prompts the procurement and senior management to consider alternatives. As a result, the organisation may opt out the best option.
The business case brings together the benefits, disadvantages, costs, and risks of the current situa-tion and future vision so that executive management can decide if the project should go ahead.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 19-21
– How to Write a Business Case – Template & Examples | Adobe Workfront LO 1, AC 1.1
Question #23
Which of the following is a tool to define roles and responsibilities of a project team?
- A . RACI Matrix
- B . Monte Carlo model
- C . STEEPLE Analysis
- D . SCAMPER Method
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
A responsibility assignment matrix [1] (RAM), also known as RACI matrix[2] (/resi/) or linear responsibility chart[3] (LRC), describes the participation by various roles in complet-ing tasks or deliverables for a project or business process. RACI is an acronym derived from the four key responsibilities most typically used: responsible, accountable, consulted, and
informed.[4] It is used for clarifying and defining roles and responsibilities in cross-functional or departmental projects and processes.[5] There are a number of alternatives to the RACI model.
Role distinction[edit]
There is a distinction between a role and individually identified people: a role is a descriptor of an associated set of tasks; may be performed by many people; and one person can perform many roles. For example, an organization may have ten people who can perform the role of project manager, although traditionally each project only has one project manager at any one time; and a person who is able to perform the role of project manager may also be able to perform the role of business analyst and tester.
R = Responsible (also recommender)Those who do the work to complete the task.[6] There is at least one role with a participation type of responsible, although others can be delegated to assist in the work required (see also RASCI below for separately identifying those who participate in a sup-porting role).
A = Accountable (also approver or final approving authority)The one ultimately answerable for the correct and thorough completion of the deliverable or task, the one who ensures the prerequi-sites of the task are met and who delegates the work to those responsible.[6] In other words, an accountable must sign off (approve) work that responsible provides. There must be only one accountable specified for each task or deliverable.[7]
C = Consulted (sometimes consultant or counsel)Those whose opinions are sought, typical-ly subject-matter experts; and with whom there is two-way communication.[6] I = Informed (also informee)Those who are kept up-to-date on progress, often only on completion of the task or deliverable; and with whom there is just one-way communication.[6]
Very often the role that is accountable for a task or deliverable may also be responsible for com-pleting it (indicated on the matrix by the task or deliverable having a role accountable for it, but no role responsible for its completion, i.e. it is implied). Outside of this exception, it is generally recommended that each role in the project or process for each task receive, at most, just one of the participation types. Where more than one participation type is shown, this generally implies that participation has not yet been fully resolved, which can impede the value of this technique in clarifying the participation of each role on each task.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 17
– Responsibility assignment matrix – Wikipedia LO 1, AC 1.1
A
Explanation:
A responsibility assignment matrix [1] (RAM), also known as RACI matrix[2] (/resi/) or linear responsibility chart[3] (LRC), describes the participation by various roles in complet-ing tasks or deliverables for a project or business process. RACI is an acronym derived from the four key responsibilities most typically used: responsible, accountable, consulted, and
informed.[4] It is used for clarifying and defining roles and responsibilities in cross-functional or departmental projects and processes.[5] There are a number of alternatives to the RACI model.
Role distinction[edit]
There is a distinction between a role and individually identified people: a role is a descriptor of an associated set of tasks; may be performed by many people; and one person can perform many roles. For example, an organization may have ten people who can perform the role of project manager, although traditionally each project only has one project manager at any one time; and a person who is able to perform the role of project manager may also be able to perform the role of business analyst and tester.
R = Responsible (also recommender)Those who do the work to complete the task.[6] There is at least one role with a participation type of responsible, although others can be delegated to assist in the work required (see also RASCI below for separately identifying those who participate in a sup-porting role).
A = Accountable (also approver or final approving authority)The one ultimately answerable for the correct and thorough completion of the deliverable or task, the one who ensures the prerequi-sites of the task are met and who delegates the work to those responsible.[6] In other words, an accountable must sign off (approve) work that responsible provides. There must be only one accountable specified for each task or deliverable.[7]
C = Consulted (sometimes consultant or counsel)Those whose opinions are sought, typical-ly subject-matter experts; and with whom there is two-way communication.[6] I = Informed (also informee)Those who are kept up-to-date on progress, often only on completion of the task or deliverable; and with whom there is just one-way communication.[6]
Very often the role that is accountable for a task or deliverable may also be responsible for com-pleting it (indicated on the matrix by the task or deliverable having a role accountable for it, but no role responsible for its completion, i.e. it is implied). Outside of this exception, it is generally recommended that each role in the project or process for each task receive, at most, just one of the participation types. Where more than one participation type is shown, this generally implies that participation has not yet been fully resolved, which can impede the value of this technique in clarifying the participation of each role on each task.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 17
– Responsibility assignment matrix – Wikipedia LO 1, AC 1.1
Question #24
Which of the following is the disadvantage of embedding standards in a specification?
- A . Standards do not improving buyer’s bargaining power
- B . Embedding standards into specification requires enormous time and effort
- C . Standards are too static and discourage innovation
- D . Standards are too flexible and may cause ambiguity in the specification
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
"Standards are often produced by professional bodies (maybe national or international bodies). Standards tend to be stable for a period of time, therefore, they are likely to be static and discourage innovation."
Reference: CIPS L4M3 study guide page 125
LO 3, AC 3.1
C
Explanation:
"Standards are often produced by professional bodies (maybe national or international bodies). Standards tend to be stable for a period of time, therefore, they are likely to be static and discourage innovation."
Reference: CIPS L4M3 study guide page 125
LO 3, AC 3.1
Question #25
Which of the following factors are likely to be direct barriers to a new entrant in a supply market?
- A . Threat of forward integration
- B . Value to price
- C . Brand identity
- D . Availability of substitutes
- E . Cost advantages
Correct Answer: C,E
C,E
Explanation:
There are many types of barriers to entry into a market. Some of these include:
– Economies of Scale: When manufacturing or selling at a large scale, companies are able to avail cost advantages because per unit costs of the product fall. So the more the company produces in quantity the more the benefit. When existing companies have this advantage, it can act as a barrier to entry because a new entrant will have to try to match the scale to achieve the same cost ad-vantage as the existing company. This may not be possible at the initial stage.
– A Differentiated Product: If the product being sold by the existing company or companies is highly differentiated or enjoys strong brand loyalty, then this can act as a strong barrier to entry. The new entrant will have to invest in creating a product with newer and unique features and bene-fits that surpass those offered by the old company. In addition, there will need to be strong efforts to break existing brand loyalties and shift them to a new untested company.
– High Capital Costs: If an industry requires huge capital investments at the onset, then this will act as a barrier to entry for many of the potential entrants. Only those will attempt to enter the competitive fray who have the resources to make this high initial investment.
– Other Cost Advantages: Apart from those cost benefits that come from economies of scale, there are other advantages that an existing firm may enjoy. These include access to the best suppliers, an understanding of existing materials and knowledge of their quality, possession of any necessary and important patents, and proprietary information and technological knowledge. There are also learning advantages, achieved over years of business and experience.
– Cost of Switching: The cost associated with a consumer’s move from one company or product or another is called the switching cost. If there are significant switching costs, then a new entrant may not be able to create means of removing these. Or, they may have to offer significant advantage to counter these switching costs at their own expense.
– Distribution Network: Often, distribution relationships are well established and may prove to be a strong barrier to entry for a new company. A new entrant will obviously need access to these dis-tribution channels but will need to invest extra in order to engage distributors who have established relations with existing competitors.
– Suppliers: As with distributors, suppliers may be vital to the operations of a new business. Exist-ing suppliers may have contracts or loyalties with existing companies and may prove to be difficult to form relationships with.
– Legal and Government Created Barriers: Government and regulatory requirements such as permits and licenses may be a strong barrier to entry. There may also be laws governing ways to conduct business that may conflict with a company’s practices in other countries.
– Barriers to Exit: Interestingly, barriers to exit may act as a deterrent to entry by new companies. If a company is unable to easily leave a competitive environment in case business does not work out, then it will have to stay and compete even if that is a detrimental business practice. In this case, the company may choose to not enter the market in the first place.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 96
LO 2, AC 2.2
C,E
Explanation:
There are many types of barriers to entry into a market. Some of these include:
– Economies of Scale: When manufacturing or selling at a large scale, companies are able to avail cost advantages because per unit costs of the product fall. So the more the company produces in quantity the more the benefit. When existing companies have this advantage, it can act as a barrier to entry because a new entrant will have to try to match the scale to achieve the same cost ad-vantage as the existing company. This may not be possible at the initial stage.
– A Differentiated Product: If the product being sold by the existing company or companies is highly differentiated or enjoys strong brand loyalty, then this can act as a strong barrier to entry. The new entrant will have to invest in creating a product with newer and unique features and bene-fits that surpass those offered by the old company. In addition, there will need to be strong efforts to break existing brand loyalties and shift them to a new untested company.
– High Capital Costs: If an industry requires huge capital investments at the onset, then this will act as a barrier to entry for many of the potential entrants. Only those will attempt to enter the competitive fray who have the resources to make this high initial investment.
– Other Cost Advantages: Apart from those cost benefits that come from economies of scale, there are other advantages that an existing firm may enjoy. These include access to the best suppliers, an understanding of existing materials and knowledge of their quality, possession of any necessary and important patents, and proprietary information and technological knowledge. There are also learning advantages, achieved over years of business and experience.
– Cost of Switching: The cost associated with a consumer’s move from one company or product or another is called the switching cost. If there are significant switching costs, then a new entrant may not be able to create means of removing these. Or, they may have to offer significant advantage to counter these switching costs at their own expense.
– Distribution Network: Often, distribution relationships are well established and may prove to be a strong barrier to entry for a new company. A new entrant will obviously need access to these dis-tribution channels but will need to invest extra in order to engage distributors who have established relations with existing competitors.
– Suppliers: As with distributors, suppliers may be vital to the operations of a new business. Exist-ing suppliers may have contracts or loyalties with existing companies and may prove to be difficult to form relationships with.
– Legal and Government Created Barriers: Government and regulatory requirements such as permits and licenses may be a strong barrier to entry. There may also be laws governing ways to conduct business that may conflict with a company’s practices in other countries.
– Barriers to Exit: Interestingly, barriers to exit may act as a deterrent to entry by new companies. If a company is unable to easily leave a competitive environment in case business does not work out, then it will have to stay and compete even if that is a detrimental business practice. In this case, the company may choose to not enter the market in the first place.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 96
LO 2, AC 2.2
Question #26
Which of the following are typical environmental considerations throughout the contract life cycle? Select the TWO that apply.
- A . Modern slavery
- B . Health and safety
- C . Inequality
- D . Waste management
- E . Pollution control
Correct Answer: D,E
D,E
Explanation:
All procurement has some level of impact on the environment that needs to be minimised to ensure sustainable procurement practices.
The greatest opportunity to influence environmental outcomes is by selecting products and services with the least ongoing environmental impacts, such as use of water, electricity and fuel, waste/disposal management, and impact on human health over the life of the product or service.
Lifecycle stages that impact on the environment:
D,E
Explanation:
All procurement has some level of impact on the environment that needs to be minimised to ensure sustainable procurement practices.
The greatest opportunity to influence environmental outcomes is by selecting products and services with the least ongoing environmental impacts, such as use of water, electricity and fuel, waste/disposal management, and impact on human health over the life of the product or service.
Lifecycle stages that impact on the environment:
Diagram
Description automatically generated
Most goods and services will have an element of environment impact in a number of areas.
The five main impact areas are listed in the following table.
Graphical user interface, text, application, email
Description automatically generated
Source: Buying for Victoria
Reference: CIPS study guide page 137-139
LO 3, AC 3.2
Question #27
Which of the following indicates types of waste that procurement department concentrates on when adopting Lean methods?
- A . DOWNTIME
- B . VA/VE
- C . OWN-IT
- D . SCAMPER
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
Copious amounts of waste can occur in the workplace, particularly in a manufacturing process, but do you know what the eight most commons wastes are and how they impact your organization?
Taiichi Ohno, considered the father of Toyota Production System, created a lean manufacturing framework, which was based on the idea of preserving (or increasing) value with less work. Any-thing that doesn’t increase value in the eye of the customer must be considered waste, or "Muda", and every effort should be made to eliminate that waste. The following 8 lean manufacturing wastes, mostly derived from the TPS, have a universal application to businesses today. The acro-nym for the eight wastes is DOWNTIME.
Downtime stands for:
– Defects
– Overproduction
– Waiting
– Not utilizing talent
– Transportation
– Inventory excess
– Motion waste
– Excess processing
OWN-IT is the acronym for the process of collecting and analysing the data and information needed in any field SCAMPER is acronym for options addressing the underlying issues and achieving target VA/VE is value analysis and value engineering
LO 3, AC 3.4
A
Explanation:
Copious amounts of waste can occur in the workplace, particularly in a manufacturing process, but do you know what the eight most commons wastes are and how they impact your organization?
Taiichi Ohno, considered the father of Toyota Production System, created a lean manufacturing framework, which was based on the idea of preserving (or increasing) value with less work. Any-thing that doesn’t increase value in the eye of the customer must be considered waste, or "Muda", and every effort should be made to eliminate that waste. The following 8 lean manufacturing wastes, mostly derived from the TPS, have a universal application to businesses today. The acro-nym for the eight wastes is DOWNTIME.
Downtime stands for:
– Defects
– Overproduction
– Waiting
– Not utilizing talent
– Transportation
– Inventory excess
– Motion waste
– Excess processing
OWN-IT is the acronym for the process of collecting and analysing the data and information needed in any field SCAMPER is acronym for options addressing the underlying issues and achieving target VA/VE is value analysis and value engineering
LO 3, AC 3.4
Question #28
A hospital extensively spends on medical and implantable devices, medical, surgical and pharma-ceutical supplies, costs of supplies related to buildings and maintenance operations. Hospital’s procurement manager suggests that the hospital has an opportunity to reduce operational costs by reducing variation of medical devices and pharmaceutical supplies.
Which of the following best describe the procurement manager’s suggestion?
- A . Process standardisation
- B . Product standardisation
- C . Value engineering
- D . Process re-engineering
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
The hospital is buying too many product variants. This may cause bottleneck in its operation and increase operational expense. So procurement manager suggests to standardise products.
This is an example of the benefits of product standardisation:
Saint Thomas Health, a system of 5 hospitals, needed to find a way to reduce costs. They were purchasing different SKUs for products that were very similar, in this case, labels. They bought label rolls for $3 and a very similar product for $1. This oversight in product purchases impacted the overall costs of the system. After partnering with a sole source vendor it was able to save $200,000 over a four year span. They accomplished this simply by standardizing label products. These savings, however, only account for the immediate savings from standardizing products. The saving that are not factored into that number are the savings from soft or hidden costs.
On a national scale, hospitals lose millions of dollars per year in hidden expenses due to missed opportunities for cost containment and incorporation.
Some of the hidden elements that increase overall costs for a healthcare provider include the following:
– Redundant purchasing
– Freight
– Excessive purchase orders
– Multiple vendor relations
– Low efficiency
– Joint commission fines
– HAI
By implementing product standardization, hospitals and health systems reduce vendors, are able to reduce SKUs, purchase orders, inefficiency, freight costs, fines, and off-contract spending. All of this adds up to large savings for the organization as a whole.
96% of the respondents in the survey agree that consolidating suppliers and standardizing product purchases across organization would reduce hidden costs.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 157-159
– 3 Ways Product Standardization Can Help You Get a Bonus C ConnectID (pdchealthcare.com)
LO 3, AC 3.4
B
Explanation:
The hospital is buying too many product variants. This may cause bottleneck in its operation and increase operational expense. So procurement manager suggests to standardise products.
This is an example of the benefits of product standardisation:
Saint Thomas Health, a system of 5 hospitals, needed to find a way to reduce costs. They were purchasing different SKUs for products that were very similar, in this case, labels. They bought label rolls for $3 and a very similar product for $1. This oversight in product purchases impacted the overall costs of the system. After partnering with a sole source vendor it was able to save $200,000 over a four year span. They accomplished this simply by standardizing label products. These savings, however, only account for the immediate savings from standardizing products. The saving that are not factored into that number are the savings from soft or hidden costs.
On a national scale, hospitals lose millions of dollars per year in hidden expenses due to missed opportunities for cost containment and incorporation.
Some of the hidden elements that increase overall costs for a healthcare provider include the following:
– Redundant purchasing
– Freight
– Excessive purchase orders
– Multiple vendor relations
– Low efficiency
– Joint commission fines
– HAI
By implementing product standardization, hospitals and health systems reduce vendors, are able to reduce SKUs, purchase orders, inefficiency, freight costs, fines, and off-contract spending. All of this adds up to large savings for the organization as a whole.
96% of the respondents in the survey agree that consolidating suppliers and standardizing product purchases across organization would reduce hidden costs.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 157-159
– 3 Ways Product Standardization Can Help You Get a Bonus C ConnectID (pdchealthcare.com)
LO 3, AC 3.4
Question #29
Which of the following problems may be identified as closed problems? Select TWO that apply:
- A . A cyber attack takes down whole company’s IT system
- B . Shortage of key medicines in healthcare industry
- C . There are not enough data for procurement analytics
- D . Logistics costs incur a large portion in wholesale prices
- E . The suppliers don’t comply with the company’s policy on underage labour.
Correct Answer: A,B
A,B
Explanation:
Closed problem is something happens that should not have happened. To solve this type of prob-lem, procurement professional should find a way to correct the situation or try to adapt to it. On the other hand, open ended problem is a obstacle to your short-term objective. You will need to overcome this obstacle.
Shortage of key medicines is a situation in which procurement must find a substitution or try to save the current stock.
In case of cyber attack, procurement should find a way to recover the IT system as soon as possible.
Otherwise, ‘There are not enough data for procurement analytics’ is an open-ended problem be-cause it prevents company to conduct procurement analytics (an objective). ‘Logistics costs incur a large portion in wholesale prices’: In this situation, logistics costs are hur-dles that prevent companies to reach lower wholesale.
‘The suppliers don’t comply with the company’s policy on underage labour’: In this situation, pro-curement should seek ways to help supplier comply with the company’s labour policy. LO 1, AC 1.1
A,B
Explanation:
Closed problem is something happens that should not have happened. To solve this type of prob-lem, procurement professional should find a way to correct the situation or try to adapt to it. On the other hand, open ended problem is a obstacle to your short-term objective. You will need to overcome this obstacle.
Shortage of key medicines is a situation in which procurement must find a substitution or try to save the current stock.
In case of cyber attack, procurement should find a way to recover the IT system as soon as possible.
Otherwise, ‘There are not enough data for procurement analytics’ is an open-ended problem be-cause it prevents company to conduct procurement analytics (an objective). ‘Logistics costs incur a large portion in wholesale prices’: In this situation, logistics costs are hur-dles that prevent companies to reach lower wholesale.
‘The suppliers don’t comply with the company’s policy on underage labour’: In this situation, pro-curement should seek ways to help supplier comply with the company’s labour policy. LO 1, AC 1.1
Question #30
Robert is a senior buyer at MMC Construction Ltd. His company is doing multiple development projects in the country, which increases procurement workload significantly. Meanwhile, most of the tasks are handled manually, which causes bottlenecks in the workflows. The procurement team is overwhelmed by the workload and complains from other departments. From previous experience, Robert knows that electronic system may help his procurement team. He writes a business case to submit to the senior management, in which he insists on the possible productivity improvement by adopting e-system in procurement.
Is Robert’s action reasonable?
- A . No, there’s no need to make a business case for new purchase
- B . Yes, productivity improvement is a mandatory element in every business case
- C . No, adopting e-system may make procurement department jobless
- D . Yes, his reason may appeal the senior management
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
Composing a compelling business case requires the proposer to write in the language of the approvers. Generally, approvers are business executives or important shareholders whose major interest is the profitability of the firm.
Business case proposer may embed the following contents:
– Return on investment: according to Investopedia, Return on Investment (ROI) is a performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency of an investment or compare the efficiency of a number of different investments. ROI tries to directly measure the amount of return on a particular investment, relative to the investment’s cost. A business case would seem more attractive if the proposal is expected to have high ROI.
– Time to market: Time-to-market (TTM) refers to the time from which a company initially con-ceives a product or service idea to the point when the actual product or service is accessible to buyers in the market (Afonso et al., 2008). The speed at which companies can introduce products into the market is critical for sustaining competitive advantage, and the reduction of product development cycle time has become a strategic objective for many technology-driven firms.
– Customer satisfaction: Keeping existing customer to stay in the business can affect
greatly on the profit margin of a firm. A new proposal that finds the way to innovate while keeping the current customers satisfied may gain the interest of senior management.
– Improving productivity: Productivity is the measure of how efficient and effective a firm is. Im-proving the productivity means that with the same or lesser input, better output is generated. In-creasing productivity also improves the profitability of a company.
– Risk management: Any business activity contains inherent risks. For example, for a mining company to be truly responsible, it must keep all of its workers safe, healthy and motivated, meet the expectations of the local community and government for the region in which it is operating, ensure it impacts on the environment positively if at all, as well as achieve the financial objectives set by its investors for both the short and long term. Managing risks well improves the production throughput and maintains customer
satisfaction.
In the scenario, Robert is trying to convince the senior management to adopt e-procurement system by insisting on potential productivity improvement. This is the right approach. A business plan should engage and please senior management and directors. An appealing business case tells them how important things to the business (such as productivity, return on investment, customer satisfaction or costs) are affected by the plan.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 19-21
LO 1, AC 1.1
D
Explanation:
Composing a compelling business case requires the proposer to write in the language of the approvers. Generally, approvers are business executives or important shareholders whose major interest is the profitability of the firm.
Business case proposer may embed the following contents:
– Return on investment: according to Investopedia, Return on Investment (ROI) is a performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency of an investment or compare the efficiency of a number of different investments. ROI tries to directly measure the amount of return on a particular investment, relative to the investment’s cost. A business case would seem more attractive if the proposal is expected to have high ROI.
– Time to market: Time-to-market (TTM) refers to the time from which a company initially con-ceives a product or service idea to the point when the actual product or service is accessible to buyers in the market (Afonso et al., 2008). The speed at which companies can introduce products into the market is critical for sustaining competitive advantage, and the reduction of product development cycle time has become a strategic objective for many technology-driven firms.
– Customer satisfaction: Keeping existing customer to stay in the business can affect
greatly on the profit margin of a firm. A new proposal that finds the way to innovate while keeping the current customers satisfied may gain the interest of senior management.
– Improving productivity: Productivity is the measure of how efficient and effective a firm is. Im-proving the productivity means that with the same or lesser input, better output is generated. In-creasing productivity also improves the profitability of a company.
– Risk management: Any business activity contains inherent risks. For example, for a mining company to be truly responsible, it must keep all of its workers safe, healthy and motivated, meet the expectations of the local community and government for the region in which it is operating, ensure it impacts on the environment positively if at all, as well as achieve the financial objectives set by its investors for both the short and long term. Managing risks well improves the production throughput and maintains customer
satisfaction.
In the scenario, Robert is trying to convince the senior management to adopt e-procurement system by insisting on potential productivity improvement. This is the right approach. A business plan should engage and please senior management and directors. An appealing business case tells them how important things to the business (such as productivity, return on investment, customer satisfaction or costs) are affected by the plan.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 19-21
LO 1, AC 1.1
Question #31
A company is analysing its existing product’s components and aims at reducing costs without damaging customer value proposition. They want to check which components are critical and which are unnecessary.
Which of the following should be adopted by the company?
- A . Under specification
- B . Value engineering
- C . Value analysis
- D . Variety reduction
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
In marketing, a customer value proposition (CVP) consists of the sum total of benefits which a vendor promises a customer will receive in return for the customer’s associated payment (or other value-transfer).
Value analysis is concerned with existing products. It involves a current product being analysed and evaluated by a team, to reduce costs, improve product function or both. Value Analysis exercises use a plan which step-by-step, methodically evaluates the product in a range of areas. These include costs, function, alternative components and design aspects such as ease of manufacture and assembly.
Value engineering is concerned with new products. It is applied during product development. The focus is on reducing costs, improving function or both, by way of teamwork-based product evalua-tion and analysis. This takes place before any capital is invested in tooling, plant or equipment.
In this scenario, the company’s objective is cost reduction, then value analysis or value
engineering is more likely to be applied. The products are existing, so value analysis is the
best option.
LO 3, AC 3.4
C
Explanation:
In marketing, a customer value proposition (CVP) consists of the sum total of benefits which a vendor promises a customer will receive in return for the customer’s associated payment (or other value-transfer).
Value analysis is concerned with existing products. It involves a current product being analysed and evaluated by a team, to reduce costs, improve product function or both. Value Analysis exercises use a plan which step-by-step, methodically evaluates the product in a range of areas. These include costs, function, alternative components and design aspects such as ease of manufacture and assembly.
Value engineering is concerned with new products. It is applied during product development. The focus is on reducing costs, improving function or both, by way of teamwork-based product evalua-tion and analysis. This takes place before any capital is invested in tooling, plant or equipment.
In this scenario, the company’s objective is cost reduction, then value analysis or value
engineering is more likely to be applied. The products are existing, so value analysis is the
best option.
LO 3, AC 3.4
Question #32
Thani Ltd is a fast growing logistics company with a fleet of 20 tractors. To meet Net Zero objec-tive, the company needs to electrify its fleet. Angelica is assigned to investigate the market price of electrifying services. After the investigation, she realises that the current market price is very expensive and unsustainable for her company. She decides to break down the costs before negotiating with the suppliers.
Which internal stakeholders may help Angelica estimate the breakdown of costs? Select TWO that apply.
- A . Sales and Marketing department
- B . Engineering department
- C . Finance department
- D . Commercial agency
- E . Suppliers
Correct Answer: B,C
B,C
Explanation:
Despite of its importance, cost analysis is often a daunting task for procurement professionals. In order to analyse supplier’s costs effectively, procurement may need the input from other depart-ments. Normally, technical (or engineering) department may help them to identify the direct costs of the product/service (how much material is required to make the product, or how many people are needed to perform the job, etc), while finance (or accounting) department may have ideas on the overheads of the supplier.
In this scenario, engineering department may provide insights on the components needed and the tasks to perform. Similarly, finance may know how much supplier pays for the overheads.
On the other hand, while commercial agency and suppliers are external stakeholders,
Sales and marketing is unlikely to provide valuable information in this case.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 102
LO 2, AC 2.3
B,C
Explanation:
Despite of its importance, cost analysis is often a daunting task for procurement professionals. In order to analyse supplier’s costs effectively, procurement may need the input from other depart-ments. Normally, technical (or engineering) department may help them to identify the direct costs of the product/service (how much material is required to make the product, or how many people are needed to perform the job, etc), while finance (or accounting) department may have ideas on the overheads of the supplier.
In this scenario, engineering department may provide insights on the components needed and the tasks to perform. Similarly, finance may know how much supplier pays for the overheads.
On the other hand, while commercial agency and suppliers are external stakeholders,
Sales and marketing is unlikely to provide valuable information in this case.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 102
LO 2, AC 2.3
Question #33
A procurement team is categorising their purchased items into four quadrants of Kraljic’s supply chain portfolio matrix. They realise that there are some low-value items which come from very few suppliers in the market. The organisation is critically dependent on these suppliers. The team plans to reduce the dependence by finding alternative sources.
Is this a right course of action?
- A . Yes, the organisation needs to reduce the supply risks
- B . No, the organisation should run competitive biddings to exploit the competition
- C . No, there is no way to escape this dependency
- D . Yes, this action will dramatically increase the supplier’s bargaining power
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
According to Kraljic portfolio matrix, the low-value items with high supply risk are bottleneck items.
A
Explanation:
According to Kraljic portfolio matrix, the low-value items with high supply risk are bottleneck items.
The purchasing strategy that is commonly recommended for these products is primarily based on acceptance of the dependence and reduction of the negative effects of the unfavourable position. An alternative strategy suggested by purchasing practitioners is to find other suppliers and move towards the non-critical quadrant.
– Accept dependence, reduce negative consequences: The main focus of this strategy is to assure supply, if necessary even at additional cost. Examples of this strategy are keeping extra stocks of the materials concerned or developing consigned stock agreements with suppliers. By performing a risk analysis firms can identify the most important bottleneck products and consider the implications. A possible action for dealing with unexpected bad dependence positions for certain products is to employ contingency planning.
– Reduce dependence and risk, find other solutions: This strategy is geared towards
reducing the dependence on the supplier. The most common way to achieve this is to broaden the specifications of the product or to search for new suppliers.
The procurement team in the scenario has selected reducing dependency by finding
alternatives. This is a right strategy for bottleneck item.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 82-84
– Purchasing strategies in the Kraljic matrix―A power and dependence perspective, Marjolein C.J. Caniels, Cees J. Gelderman
LO 2, AC 2.1
Question #34
Apple’s CPO is planning a budget for purchasing carbon-free aluminium next year. There are 27.4 tonnes of aluminum in stock, while Apple will need 200 tonnes for production next year and double inventory for production in the following year.
How much aluminum will Apple need to purchase in next year?
- A . 172.6 tonnes
- B . 117.8 tonnes
- C . 282.2 tonnes
- D . 227.4 tonnes
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
The quantity of aluminium Apple needs to buy is calculated as follows:
Quantity needed for production + the inventory needed at the end of the year – inventory at start of the year
That formula is quantified as: 200 + 54.8 – 27.4 = 227.4
Reference: CIPS study guide page 103
LO 2, AC 2.3
D
Explanation:
The quantity of aluminium Apple needs to buy is calculated as follows:
Quantity needed for production + the inventory needed at the end of the year – inventory at start of the year
That formula is quantified as: 200 + 54.8 – 27.4 = 227.4
Reference: CIPS study guide page 103
LO 2, AC 2.3
Question #35
Which of the following is a challenge of making a business case for straight re-buys?
- A . Terms and conditions
- B . Research of procurement process
- C . Effective inventory control
- D . Identifying suitable suppliers
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
For straight re-buy, the specifications for the products are known. Generally, there will be an existing contract with supplier in place. The business need is challenged annually, only on the annual demand. So effective inventory control will help procurement successfully manage straight re-buy.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 7
LO 1, AC 1.1
C
Explanation:
For straight re-buy, the specifications for the products are known. Generally, there will be an existing contract with supplier in place. The business need is challenged annually, only on the annual demand. So effective inventory control will help procurement successfully manage straight re-buy.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 7
LO 1, AC 1.1
Question #36
When a procurement manager considers a substitution, the number and nature of additional func-tions that substitute provides should be taken into account carefully.
Which of the following ratio could help the procurement manager to make the right decision?
- A . Value to price ratio
- B . Price to Earnings ratio
- C . Reserve requirement ratio
- D . Price to book value ratio
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
One product substitutes for another if it offers buyers an inducement to switch that exceeds the cost or overcomes the resistance to doing so. A substitute offers an inducement to switch if the substitute provides the buyer with more value relative to its price than the product currently being used. There is always some cost of switching to a substitute because of the disruption and potential reconfiguration of buyer activities that must result, however. The threat of a substitute will vary depending on the size of the inducement relative to the required switching costs.
In addition to relative value to price and switching cost, the pattern of substitution is influenced by what I term the buyer’s propensity to switch. Faced with equivalent economic inducements for substitution, different buyers will often evaluate substitution differently.
The threat of substitution, then, is a function of three factors:
• The relative value/ price of a substitute compared to an industry’s product
• The cost of switching to the substitute
• The buyer’s propensity to switch
Porter, Michael E.. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (p. 278). Free Press. Kindle Edition.
The price-to-book ratio compares a company’s market value to its book value. The market
value of a company is its share price multiplied by the number of outstanding shares. The book value is the net assets of a company.
The price-to-earnings ratio (P/E ratio) is the ratio for valuing a company that measures its current share price relative to its earnings per share (EPS). The price-to-earnings ratio is also sometimes known as the price multiple or the earnings multiple.
The reserve ratio is the portion of reservable liabilities that commercial banks must hold onto, rather than lend out or invest. This is a requirement determined by the country’s central bank, which in the United States is the Federal Reserve. It is also known as the cash reserve ratio.
LO 2, AC 2.2
A
Explanation:
One product substitutes for another if it offers buyers an inducement to switch that exceeds the cost or overcomes the resistance to doing so. A substitute offers an inducement to switch if the substitute provides the buyer with more value relative to its price than the product currently being used. There is always some cost of switching to a substitute because of the disruption and potential reconfiguration of buyer activities that must result, however. The threat of a substitute will vary depending on the size of the inducement relative to the required switching costs.
In addition to relative value to price and switching cost, the pattern of substitution is influenced by what I term the buyer’s propensity to switch. Faced with equivalent economic inducements for substitution, different buyers will often evaluate substitution differently.
The threat of substitution, then, is a function of three factors:
• The relative value/ price of a substitute compared to an industry’s product
• The cost of switching to the substitute
• The buyer’s propensity to switch
Porter, Michael E.. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (p. 278). Free Press. Kindle Edition.
The price-to-book ratio compares a company’s market value to its book value. The market
value of a company is its share price multiplied by the number of outstanding shares. The book value is the net assets of a company.
The price-to-earnings ratio (P/E ratio) is the ratio for valuing a company that measures its current share price relative to its earnings per share (EPS). The price-to-earnings ratio is also sometimes known as the price multiple or the earnings multiple.
The reserve ratio is the portion of reservable liabilities that commercial banks must hold onto, rather than lend out or invest. This is a requirement determined by the country’s central bank, which in the United States is the Federal Reserve. It is also known as the cash reserve ratio.
LO 2, AC 2.2
Question #37
Which kind of these following costs belong to fixed costs? Select TWO that apply.
- A . Energy consumption in manufacturing
- B . The annual income tax charged by local authorities
- C . The packaging and distribution costs
- D . The depreciation of capital inputs
- E . The costs of leasing or purchasing capital equipment
Correct Answer: D,E
D,E
Explanation:
Based on variability, the costs has been classified into three categories, they are fixed, variable and semi variable. Fixed costs, as its name suggests, is fixed in total i.e. irrespective of the number of output produced. Variable costs vary with the number of output produced. Semi-variable is the type of costs, which have the characteristics of both fixed costs and variable costs (Source: Key Differences).
Among above costs, leasing and depreciation are relatively static and do not change if volume of business activities increase or reduce.
Packaging, utilities and annual business rate (tax) are variable costs.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 26
LO 1, AC 1.2
D,E
Explanation:
Based on variability, the costs has been classified into three categories, they are fixed, variable and semi variable. Fixed costs, as its name suggests, is fixed in total i.e. irrespective of the number of output produced. Variable costs vary with the number of output produced. Semi-variable is the type of costs, which have the characteristics of both fixed costs and variable costs (Source: Key Differences).
Among above costs, leasing and depreciation are relatively static and do not change if volume of business activities increase or reduce.
Packaging, utilities and annual business rate (tax) are variable costs.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 26
LO 1, AC 1.2
Question #38
What does the acronym RAQSCI stand for?
- A . Relationship, Ability, Quality, Service, Cost, Innovation
- B . Regulatory, Availability, Quality, Service, Cost, Innovation
- C . Regulatory, Availability, Quantity, Sustainability, Inventory
- D . Regulatory, Ability, Quality, Service, Cost, Inventory
- E . Relationship, Availability, Quantity, Sustainability, Cost, Innovation
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
RAQSCI stands for Regulatory, Availability, Quality, Service, Cost, Innovation. LO 1, AC 1.1
B
Explanation:
RAQSCI stands for Regulatory, Availability, Quality, Service, Cost, Innovation. LO 1, AC 1.1
Question #39
A procurement manager is requested to source a major component. She needs information on sup-pliers’ direct and indirect cost, fixed and variable costs to prepare for negotiations. Therefore, she collects 17 annual reports from potential suppliers who are competing in the same industry.
In order to estimate an approximate value of fixed and variable costs in that industry, which of the following technique should be adopted by the procurement manager?
- A . Line of best fit
- B . Variance calculation
- C . Total cost of ownership
- D . Open-book costing
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
Public annual reports can be a source of information that helps the procurement professional to analyse an industry’s cost and revenue using the line of best fit. Line of best fit is one of the most important outputs of regression analysis. Regression refers to a quantitative measure of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a resulting dependent variable. Regression is of use to professionals in a wide range of fields from science and public service to financial analysis.
In this case, by collecting and analysing 17 annual reports, the procurement manager can find the line of best fit which goes approximately through the middle of the data points with an equal num-ber of data points above and below it.
The slope of the line of best fit is the approximate variable costs the industry. The easiest way to calculate it is to take a point at the right-hand end of the line of best fit and note its cost and output levels. Divide the cost by the output and this gives and approximate figure for the cost per unit of output or variable cost. This gives an approximate value for the industry fixed and variable costs.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 99-100
LO 2, AC 2.3
A
Explanation:
Public annual reports can be a source of information that helps the procurement professional to analyse an industry’s cost and revenue using the line of best fit. Line of best fit is one of the most important outputs of regression analysis. Regression refers to a quantitative measure of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a resulting dependent variable. Regression is of use to professionals in a wide range of fields from science and public service to financial analysis.
In this case, by collecting and analysing 17 annual reports, the procurement manager can find the line of best fit which goes approximately through the middle of the data points with an equal num-ber of data points above and below it.
The slope of the line of best fit is the approximate variable costs the industry. The easiest way to calculate it is to take a point at the right-hand end of the line of best fit and note its cost and output levels. Divide the cost by the output and this gives and approximate figure for the cost per unit of output or variable cost. This gives an approximate value for the industry fixed and variable costs.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 99-100
LO 2, AC 2.3
Question #40
Which of the following are typically reasons why an organisation implements value analysis? Select TWO that apply:
- A . To determine the value of each component used
- B . To decide whether there will be sufficient surplus funds to reinvest in the business
- C . To shape and manage supply market
- D . To provide an outline business case for the specification
- E . To find cost reduction opportunities by optimising the components used
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
Value analysis is a systematic review of the production, purchasing and product design processes to reduce overall product costs.
This can be accomplished through a variety of activities, including the following:
– Designing products to use lower-tolerance parts that are less expensive
– Switching to lower-cost components
– Standardizing parts across product platforms in order to achieve volume discounts
– Altering production processes to minimize the amount of production cycle time, thereby reducing labor costs
– Introducing automation to strip labor costs out of the production process
– Altering product packaging to lower its cost while still protecting the product
The process is not a wholesale attack on costs. Costs are only reduced when the result will not im-pact the perceived level of quality experienced by customers, or the level of customer satisfaction.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 160-163
LO 3, AC 3.4
A
Explanation:
Value analysis is a systematic review of the production, purchasing and product design processes to reduce overall product costs.
This can be accomplished through a variety of activities, including the following:
– Designing products to use lower-tolerance parts that are less expensive
– Switching to lower-cost components
– Standardizing parts across product platforms in order to achieve volume discounts
– Altering production processes to minimize the amount of production cycle time, thereby reducing labor costs
– Introducing automation to strip labor costs out of the production process
– Altering product packaging to lower its cost while still protecting the product
The process is not a wholesale attack on costs. Costs are only reduced when the result will not im-pact the perceived level of quality experienced by customers, or the level of customer satisfaction.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 160-163
LO 3, AC 3.4
Question #41
Company A sells a product for $100. The total unit variable costs are $60. Fixed costs as in its ac-count are $20,000.
How many products does the company have to sell to achieve break-even point?
- A . 600
- B . 550
- C . 400
- D . 500
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
Break even point = Fixed costs/(Price-variable cost). In this case, break even point = 20,000/(100-60) = 500
Reference: CIPS study guide page 28-29
LO 1, AC 1.2
D
Explanation:
Break even point = Fixed costs/(Price-variable cost). In this case, break even point = 20,000/(100-60) = 500
Reference: CIPS study guide page 28-29
LO 1, AC 1.2
Question #42
A CPO is analyzing whole life cycle costing of a machinery. He realises that cost elements are not specific but come from a range of values.
Which whole-life costing model should the CPO use to get the most accurate total cost of ownership?
- A . Simulation models
- B . Optimisation models
- C . Decision support models
- D . Kraljic’s preferencing model
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
There are three basic groups of WLC (whole life-cycle costing) models:
– Decision support models
– Simulation models: Life cycle cost is an essential approach to decide on alternative rehabilitation strategies for infrastructure systems. Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to develop a stochastic life cycle cost (SLCC) model and methodology in order to compare different rehabilitation scenarios/alternatives for infrastructures, such as water mains. This method assumes that some inputs are randomly variable in a range of values. – Optimisation models
Reference: CIPS study guide page 38-39
LO 1, AC 1.2
A
Explanation:
There are three basic groups of WLC (whole life-cycle costing) models:
– Decision support models
– Simulation models: Life cycle cost is an essential approach to decide on alternative rehabilitation strategies for infrastructure systems. Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to develop a stochastic life cycle cost (SLCC) model and methodology in order to compare different rehabilitation scenarios/alternatives for infrastructures, such as water mains. This method assumes that some inputs are randomly variable in a range of values. – Optimisation models
Reference: CIPS study guide page 38-39
LO 1, AC 1.2
Question #43
Which of the following bodies provides standards for the products and services in the US?
- A . ISO
- B . ANSI
- C . AFNOR
- D . BSI
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
ANSI is the American National Standards Institute. It is responsible for providing technical
stand-ards in the US
LO 3, AC 3.1
B
Explanation:
ANSI is the American National Standards Institute. It is responsible for providing technical
stand-ards in the US
LO 3, AC 3.1
Question #44
When should procurement professional tolerate a risk?
- A . When the risk may disrupt the production
- B . When the risk imposes an existential threat
- C . When the risk causes some trivial annoyance
- D . When the risk breaks the relationship with the strategic supplier
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
Risk control is the process by which an organization reduces the likelihood of a risk event occurring or mitigates the effects that risk should it occur. Our preferred way to determine your risk control strategy is to use the four T’s Process:
Transferring Risk can be achieved through the use of various forms of insurance, or the payment to third parties who are prepared to take the risk on behalf of the organization Tolerating Risk is where no action is taken to mitigate or reduce a risk. This may be because the cost of instituting risk reduction or mitigation activity is not cost-effective or the risks of impact are at so low that they are deemed acceptable to the business (such as some trivial annoyance). Even when these risks are tolerated they should be monitored because future changes may make it no longer tolerable.
Treating Risk is a method of controlling risk through actions that reduce the likelihood of the risk occurring or minimize its impact prior to its occurrence. Also, there are contingent measures that can be developed to reduce the impact of an event once it has occurred. Terminating Risk is the simplest and most often ignored method of dealing with risk. It is the ap-proach that should be most favored where possible and simply involves risk elimination. This can be done by altering an inherently risky process or practice to remove the risk. The same can be used when reviewing practices and processes in all areas of the business.
If an item presents a risk and can be changed or removed without it materially affecting the busi-ness, then removing the risk should be the first option considered; rather than attempting the treat, tolerate or transfer it.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 144-145
LO 3, AC 3.3
C
Explanation:
Risk control is the process by which an organization reduces the likelihood of a risk event occurring or mitigates the effects that risk should it occur. Our preferred way to determine your risk control strategy is to use the four T’s Process:
Transferring Risk can be achieved through the use of various forms of insurance, or the payment to third parties who are prepared to take the risk on behalf of the organization Tolerating Risk is where no action is taken to mitigate or reduce a risk. This may be because the cost of instituting risk reduction or mitigation activity is not cost-effective or the risks of impact are at so low that they are deemed acceptable to the business (such as some trivial annoyance). Even when these risks are tolerated they should be monitored because future changes may make it no longer tolerable.
Treating Risk is a method of controlling risk through actions that reduce the likelihood of the risk occurring or minimize its impact prior to its occurrence. Also, there are contingent measures that can be developed to reduce the impact of an event once it has occurred. Terminating Risk is the simplest and most often ignored method of dealing with risk. It is the ap-proach that should be most favored where possible and simply involves risk elimination. This can be done by altering an inherently risky process or practice to remove the risk. The same can be used when reviewing practices and processes in all areas of the business.
If an item presents a risk and can be changed or removed without it materially affecting the busi-ness, then removing the risk should be the first option considered; rather than attempting the treat, tolerate or transfer it.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 144-145
LO 3, AC 3.3
Question #45
Due to increasing demand, a local restaurant is requesting its fish vendor to supply larger quantity. The restaurant manager also asks the vendor whether it is possible to reduce the total price by 5%.
This is known as…?
- A . Straight rebuy
- B . Capital purchase
- C . Modified rebuy
- D . New purchase
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
There are three major types of buying situations, which are new purchase, modified rebuy and straight rebuy. Three factors make the buying situations be different from the others, customers may face different problems in these situations.
A new purchase is a situation requiring the purchase of a product for the very first time. A straight rebuy is when a company places a second order with a supplier that is identical to the first purchase it made.
A modified rebuy is when a company orders again from a supplier, but wants to change some as-pect of the order, such as the quantity, packaging, product features, or delivery times. The scenario above is an example of modified rebuy.
Reference:
– What is a straight rebuy example?
– CIPS study guide page 3-4
C
Explanation:
There are three major types of buying situations, which are new purchase, modified rebuy and straight rebuy. Three factors make the buying situations be different from the others, customers may face different problems in these situations.
A new purchase is a situation requiring the purchase of a product for the very first time. A straight rebuy is when a company places a second order with a supplier that is identical to the first purchase it made.
A modified rebuy is when a company orders again from a supplier, but wants to change some as-pect of the order, such as the quantity, packaging, product features, or delivery times. The scenario above is an example of modified rebuy.
Reference:
– What is a straight rebuy example?
– CIPS study guide page 3-4
Question #46
Which of the following is an useful tool for value engineering?
- A . SAMOA
- B . Kraljic Portfolio Matrix
- C . Star-burst method
- D . Kano model
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
Value Engineering (VE) is concerned with new products. It is applied during product development. The focus is on reducing costs, improving function or both, by way of teamwork-based product evaluation and analysis. This takes place before any capital is invested in tooling, plant or equipment.
This is very significant, because according to many reports, up to 80% of a product’s costs (throughout the rest of its life-cycle), are locked in at the design development stage. This is under-standable when you consider the design of any product determines many factors, such as tooling, plant and equipment, labour and skills, training costs, materials, shipping, installation, maintenance, as well as decommissioning and recycle costs.
The Kano model is a theory for product development and customer satisfaction developed in the 1980s by Professor Noriaki Kano, which classifies customer preferences into five categories. Both Kano model and Value Engineering aims at optimising new product, so they can be combined to-gether. CIPS L4M2 study guide consider Kano model is a tool of Value Engineering
D
Explanation:
Value Engineering (VE) is concerned with new products. It is applied during product development. The focus is on reducing costs, improving function or both, by way of teamwork-based product evaluation and analysis. This takes place before any capital is invested in tooling, plant or equipment.
This is very significant, because according to many reports, up to 80% of a product’s costs (throughout the rest of its life-cycle), are locked in at the design development stage. This is under-standable when you consider the design of any product determines many factors, such as tooling, plant and equipment, labour and skills, training costs, materials, shipping, installation, maintenance, as well as decommissioning and recycle costs.
The Kano model is a theory for product development and customer satisfaction developed in the 1980s by Professor Noriaki Kano, which classifies customer preferences into five categories. Both Kano model and Value Engineering aims at optimising new product, so they can be combined to-gether. CIPS L4M2 study guide consider Kano model is a tool of Value Engineering
Example of Kano model (source: Wikipedia)
Reference: CIPS study guide page 171-172
LO 3, AC 3.4
Question #47
A procurement organisation is keen to encourage innovation available within the supply market in the execution of an upcoming significant contract opportunity. A team member suggests that the specification should define the performance indicators so that supplier’s solution can be checked against them.
Which of the following will enable the organisation to achieve this goal?
- A . Using an outcome focused specification
- B . Establishing transparent selection criteria
- C . Using an output focused specification
- D . Applying a precise performance framework
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
The buying organisation is keen to encourage innovation so they should use the outcome or output based specification. In an outcome-based specification, umbrella statements like ‘good quality’, ‘ambient temperature’, ‘convenient way’ are often used. This may confuse the suppliers, and it’s hard to check the solution that supplier offers. On the other hand, ouput-based specifications often include measurable requirements. For example, a specification for air conditioning system states that the system should maintain the room temperature at 19-24 degrees Celsius. Therefore, output specification is more appropriate in this case.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 119-124
LO 3, AC 3.1
C
Explanation:
The buying organisation is keen to encourage innovation so they should use the outcome or output based specification. In an outcome-based specification, umbrella statements like ‘good quality’, ‘ambient temperature’, ‘convenient way’ are often used. This may confuse the suppliers, and it’s hard to check the solution that supplier offers. On the other hand, ouput-based specifications often include measurable requirements. For example, a specification for air conditioning system states that the system should maintain the room temperature at 19-24 degrees Celsius. Therefore, output specification is more appropriate in this case.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 119-124
LO 3, AC 3.1
Question #48
Why should the buying organisation require the supplier to carry out acceptance testing?
- A . To get the approval from the senior management
- B . To check whether the product matches the specification
- C . To compare between the account payables and account receivables
- D . To see whether the supplier engages in unethical business practice
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
Acceptance testing, in the context of the engineering and software industries, is a functional trial performed on a product or prototype before it is put on the market or delivered, to decide whether the specifications or contract have been met. It also makes sure the quality and design of the product meet both contractual and regulatory obligations in terms of functionality, usability, durability, and safety.
If a product is found to be unacceptable at this stage, it can be sent back for modification, debug-ging, repair, or re-design before it can become a costly undertaking for the producer, as would be the case in a product recall.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 134-135
– Acceptance Testing (investopedia.com) LO 3, AC 3.2
B
Explanation:
Acceptance testing, in the context of the engineering and software industries, is a functional trial performed on a product or prototype before it is put on the market or delivered, to decide whether the specifications or contract have been met. It also makes sure the quality and design of the product meet both contractual and regulatory obligations in terms of functionality, usability, durability, and safety.
If a product is found to be unacceptable at this stage, it can be sent back for modification, debug-ging, repair, or re-design before it can become a costly undertaking for the producer, as would be the case in a product recall.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 134-135
– Acceptance Testing (investopedia.com) LO 3, AC 3.2
Question #48
Why should the buying organisation require the supplier to carry out acceptance testing?
- A . To get the approval from the senior management
- B . To check whether the product matches the specification
- C . To compare between the account payables and account receivables
- D . To see whether the supplier engages in unethical business practice
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
Acceptance testing, in the context of the engineering and software industries, is a functional trial performed on a product or prototype before it is put on the market or delivered, to decide whether the specifications or contract have been met. It also makes sure the quality and design of the product meet both contractual and regulatory obligations in terms of functionality, usability, durability, and safety.
If a product is found to be unacceptable at this stage, it can be sent back for modification, debug-ging, repair, or re-design before it can become a costly undertaking for the producer, as would be the case in a product recall.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 134-135
– Acceptance Testing (investopedia.com) LO 3, AC 3.2
B
Explanation:
Acceptance testing, in the context of the engineering and software industries, is a functional trial performed on a product or prototype before it is put on the market or delivered, to decide whether the specifications or contract have been met. It also makes sure the quality and design of the product meet both contractual and regulatory obligations in terms of functionality, usability, durability, and safety.
If a product is found to be unacceptable at this stage, it can be sent back for modification, debug-ging, repair, or re-design before it can become a costly undertaking for the producer, as would be the case in a product recall.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 134-135
– Acceptance Testing (investopedia.com) LO 3, AC 3.2
Question #48
Why should the buying organisation require the supplier to carry out acceptance testing?
- A . To get the approval from the senior management
- B . To check whether the product matches the specification
- C . To compare between the account payables and account receivables
- D . To see whether the supplier engages in unethical business practice
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
Acceptance testing, in the context of the engineering and software industries, is a functional trial performed on a product or prototype before it is put on the market or delivered, to decide whether the specifications or contract have been met. It also makes sure the quality and design of the product meet both contractual and regulatory obligations in terms of functionality, usability, durability, and safety.
If a product is found to be unacceptable at this stage, it can be sent back for modification, debug-ging, repair, or re-design before it can become a costly undertaking for the producer, as would be the case in a product recall.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 134-135
– Acceptance Testing (investopedia.com) LO 3, AC 3.2
B
Explanation:
Acceptance testing, in the context of the engineering and software industries, is a functional trial performed on a product or prototype before it is put on the market or delivered, to decide whether the specifications or contract have been met. It also makes sure the quality and design of the product meet both contractual and regulatory obligations in terms of functionality, usability, durability, and safety.
If a product is found to be unacceptable at this stage, it can be sent back for modification, debug-ging, repair, or re-design before it can become a costly undertaking for the producer, as would be the case in a product recall.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 134-135
– Acceptance Testing (investopedia.com) LO 3, AC 3.2
Question #48
Why should the buying organisation require the supplier to carry out acceptance testing?
- A . To get the approval from the senior management
- B . To check whether the product matches the specification
- C . To compare between the account payables and account receivables
- D . To see whether the supplier engages in unethical business practice
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
Acceptance testing, in the context of the engineering and software industries, is a functional trial performed on a product or prototype before it is put on the market or delivered, to decide whether the specifications or contract have been met. It also makes sure the quality and design of the product meet both contractual and regulatory obligations in terms of functionality, usability, durability, and safety.
If a product is found to be unacceptable at this stage, it can be sent back for modification, debug-ging, repair, or re-design before it can become a costly undertaking for the producer, as would be the case in a product recall.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 134-135
– Acceptance Testing (investopedia.com) LO 3, AC 3.2
B
Explanation:
Acceptance testing, in the context of the engineering and software industries, is a functional trial performed on a product or prototype before it is put on the market or delivered, to decide whether the specifications or contract have been met. It also makes sure the quality and design of the product meet both contractual and regulatory obligations in terms of functionality, usability, durability, and safety.
If a product is found to be unacceptable at this stage, it can be sent back for modification, debug-ging, repair, or re-design before it can become a costly undertaking for the producer, as would be the case in a product recall.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 134-135
– Acceptance Testing (investopedia.com) LO 3, AC 3.2
Question #48
Why should the buying organisation require the supplier to carry out acceptance testing?
- A . To get the approval from the senior management
- B . To check whether the product matches the specification
- C . To compare between the account payables and account receivables
- D . To see whether the supplier engages in unethical business practice
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
Acceptance testing, in the context of the engineering and software industries, is a functional trial performed on a product or prototype before it is put on the market or delivered, to decide whether the specifications or contract have been met. It also makes sure the quality and design of the product meet both contractual and regulatory obligations in terms of functionality, usability, durability, and safety.
If a product is found to be unacceptable at this stage, it can be sent back for modification, debug-ging, repair, or re-design before it can become a costly undertaking for the producer, as would be the case in a product recall.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 134-135
– Acceptance Testing (investopedia.com) LO 3, AC 3.2
B
Explanation:
Acceptance testing, in the context of the engineering and software industries, is a functional trial performed on a product or prototype before it is put on the market or delivered, to decide whether the specifications or contract have been met. It also makes sure the quality and design of the product meet both contractual and regulatory obligations in terms of functionality, usability, durability, and safety.
If a product is found to be unacceptable at this stage, it can be sent back for modification, debug-ging, repair, or re-design before it can become a costly undertaking for the producer, as would be the case in a product recall.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 134-135
– Acceptance Testing (investopedia.com) LO 3, AC 3.2
Question #53
The purchase is made in emergency
- A . 2 and 4 only
- B . 1 and 4 only
- C . 1 and 3 only
- D . 2 and 3 only
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
The difference between the standard cost of direct materials specified for production and the actual cost of direct materials used in production is known as Direct Material Cost Variance. Material Cost Variance gives an idea of how much more or less cost has been incurred when compared with the standard cost. Thus, Variance Analysis is an important tool to keep a tab on the deviations from the standard set by a company.
Material Cost Variance can be due to less purchase price being paid than the standard or because of change in the quantity of material used. Thus, Material Cost Variance is made up of two components namely;
Material Price Variance and Material Usage Variance. Among the 4 options:
– ‘The buyer updates purchase-to-pay system to track payment and delivery’: The use of e-procurement system can increase the productivity and create labour cost variance, not material cost variance.
– ‘An unprocessed goods received note is missing’: If a goods received note is missing, the buyer won’t pay for that batch, which create quantity variance.
– ‘The employees must work overtime to catch up with the customers’ orders’: Overtime salary can cause labour variance, not material cost variance.
– ‘The purchase is made in emergency’: Normally, the price in emergency situation is higher than usual. This can cause price variance.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 57-59
– Material Variance | Cost, Price, Usage Variance Formula, Example – eFM (efinancemanage-ment.com)
LO 1, AC 1.4
A
Explanation:
The difference between the standard cost of direct materials specified for production and the actual cost of direct materials used in production is known as Direct Material Cost Variance. Material Cost Variance gives an idea of how much more or less cost has been incurred when compared with the standard cost. Thus, Variance Analysis is an important tool to keep a tab on the deviations from the standard set by a company.
Material Cost Variance can be due to less purchase price being paid than the standard or because of change in the quantity of material used. Thus, Material Cost Variance is made up of two components namely;
Material Price Variance and Material Usage Variance. Among the 4 options:
– ‘The buyer updates purchase-to-pay system to track payment and delivery’: The use of e-procurement system can increase the productivity and create labour cost variance, not material cost variance.
– ‘An unprocessed goods received note is missing’: If a goods received note is missing, the buyer won’t pay for that batch, which create quantity variance.
– ‘The employees must work overtime to catch up with the customers’ orders’: Overtime salary can cause labour variance, not material cost variance.
– ‘The purchase is made in emergency’: Normally, the price in emergency situation is higher than usual. This can cause price variance.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 57-59
– Material Variance | Cost, Price, Usage Variance Formula, Example – eFM (efinancemanage-ment.com)
LO 1, AC 1.4
Question #54
A purchaser is looking for alternative supplies if there is a major disruption to their supply chain, including logistics, manufacturing and all support services.
Which of the following method is that purchaser applying?
- A . Treat the risk
- B . Terminate the risk
- C . Tolerate the risk
- D . Transfer the risk
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
Risk control is the process by which an organization reduces the likelihood of a risk event occurring or mitigates the effects that risk should it occur. CIPS preferred way to determine your risk control strategy is to use the four T’s Process:
Transferring Risk can be achieved through the use of various forms of insurance, or the payment to third parties who are prepared to take the risk on behalf of the organization
Tolerating Risk is where no action is taken to mitigate or reduce a risk. This may be because the cost of instituting risk reduction or mitigation activity is not cost-effective or the risks of impact are at so low that they are deemed acceptable to the business. Even when these risks are tolerated they should be monitored because future changes may make it no longer tolerable.
Treating Risk is a method of controlling risk through actions that reduce the likelihood of the risk occurring or minimize its impact prior to its occurrence. Also, there are contingent measures that can be developed to reduce the impact of an event once it has occurred. Finding an alternative sup-plier is an example of treating the risk.
Terminating Risk is the simplest and most often ignored method of dealing with risk. It is the ap-proach that should be most favored where possible and simply involves risk elimination. This can be done by altering an inherently risky process or practice to remove the risk. The same can be used when reviewing practices and processes in all areas of the business.
If an item presents a risk and can be changed or removed without it materially affecting the busi-ness, then removing the risk should be the first option considered; rather than attempting the treat, tolerate or transfer it.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 144
LO 3, AC 3.3
A
Explanation:
Risk control is the process by which an organization reduces the likelihood of a risk event occurring or mitigates the effects that risk should it occur. CIPS preferred way to determine your risk control strategy is to use the four T’s Process:
Transferring Risk can be achieved through the use of various forms of insurance, or the payment to third parties who are prepared to take the risk on behalf of the organization
Tolerating Risk is where no action is taken to mitigate or reduce a risk. This may be because the cost of instituting risk reduction or mitigation activity is not cost-effective or the risks of impact are at so low that they are deemed acceptable to the business. Even when these risks are tolerated they should be monitored because future changes may make it no longer tolerable.
Treating Risk is a method of controlling risk through actions that reduce the likelihood of the risk occurring or minimize its impact prior to its occurrence. Also, there are contingent measures that can be developed to reduce the impact of an event once it has occurred. Finding an alternative sup-plier is an example of treating the risk.
Terminating Risk is the simplest and most often ignored method of dealing with risk. It is the ap-proach that should be most favored where possible and simply involves risk elimination. This can be done by altering an inherently risky process or practice to remove the risk. The same can be used when reviewing practices and processes in all areas of the business.
If an item presents a risk and can be changed or removed without it materially affecting the busi-ness, then removing the risk should be the first option considered; rather than attempting the treat, tolerate or transfer it.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 144
LO 3, AC 3.3
Question #55
Which of the following are considered as direct costs in a construction company? Select TWO op-tions
- A . Raw materials
- B . An employee is hired to work on a project, either exclusively or for an assigned number of hours
- C . The materials and supplies needed for the company’s day-to-day operations.
- D . Advertising and marketing communication
- E . Clerical assistants who maintain the office
Correct Answer: A,B
A,B
Explanation:
Direct costs are directly associated with the production of a good or service. In this question, ‘An employee is hired to work on a project, either exclusively or for an assigned number of hours’ and ‘Raw materials’ are directly related to producing the product. Indirect costs are the general costs of the organisation – these costs cannot easily be attributed to specific products or services (also known as overheads). ‘The materials and supplies needed for the company’s day-to-day operations’ or ‘Clerical assistants who maintain the office’ or ‘Advertising and marketing communication’ is example of indirect cost.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 25-26
LO 1, AC 1.2
A,B
Explanation:
Direct costs are directly associated with the production of a good or service. In this question, ‘An employee is hired to work on a project, either exclusively or for an assigned number of hours’ and ‘Raw materials’ are directly related to producing the product. Indirect costs are the general costs of the organisation – these costs cannot easily be attributed to specific products or services (also known as overheads). ‘The materials and supplies needed for the company’s day-to-day operations’ or ‘Clerical assistants who maintain the office’ or ‘Advertising and marketing communication’ is example of indirect cost.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 25-26
LO 1, AC 1.2
Question #55
Which of the following are considered as direct costs in a construction company? Select TWO op-tions
- A . Raw materials
- B . An employee is hired to work on a project, either exclusively or for an assigned number of hours
- C . The materials and supplies needed for the company’s day-to-day operations.
- D . Advertising and marketing communication
- E . Clerical assistants who maintain the office
Correct Answer: A,B
A,B
Explanation:
Direct costs are directly associated with the production of a good or service. In this question, ‘An employee is hired to work on a project, either exclusively or for an assigned number of hours’ and ‘Raw materials’ are directly related to producing the product. Indirect costs are the general costs of the organisation – these costs cannot easily be attributed to specific products or services (also known as overheads). ‘The materials and supplies needed for the company’s day-to-day operations’ or ‘Clerical assistants who maintain the office’ or ‘Advertising and marketing communication’ is example of indirect cost.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 25-26
LO 1, AC 1.2
A,B
Explanation:
Direct costs are directly associated with the production of a good or service. In this question, ‘An employee is hired to work on a project, either exclusively or for an assigned number of hours’ and ‘Raw materials’ are directly related to producing the product. Indirect costs are the general costs of the organisation – these costs cannot easily be attributed to specific products or services (also known as overheads). ‘The materials and supplies needed for the company’s day-to-day operations’ or ‘Clerical assistants who maintain the office’ or ‘Advertising and marketing communication’ is example of indirect cost.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 25-26
LO 1, AC 1.2
Question #55
Which of the following are considered as direct costs in a construction company? Select TWO op-tions
- A . Raw materials
- B . An employee is hired to work on a project, either exclusively or for an assigned number of hours
- C . The materials and supplies needed for the company’s day-to-day operations.
- D . Advertising and marketing communication
- E . Clerical assistants who maintain the office
Correct Answer: A,B
A,B
Explanation:
Direct costs are directly associated with the production of a good or service. In this question, ‘An employee is hired to work on a project, either exclusively or for an assigned number of hours’ and ‘Raw materials’ are directly related to producing the product. Indirect costs are the general costs of the organisation – these costs cannot easily be attributed to specific products or services (also known as overheads). ‘The materials and supplies needed for the company’s day-to-day operations’ or ‘Clerical assistants who maintain the office’ or ‘Advertising and marketing communication’ is example of indirect cost.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 25-26
LO 1, AC 1.2
A,B
Explanation:
Direct costs are directly associated with the production of a good or service. In this question, ‘An employee is hired to work on a project, either exclusively or for an assigned number of hours’ and ‘Raw materials’ are directly related to producing the product. Indirect costs are the general costs of the organisation – these costs cannot easily be attributed to specific products or services (also known as overheads). ‘The materials and supplies needed for the company’s day-to-day operations’ or ‘Clerical assistants who maintain the office’ or ‘Advertising and marketing communication’ is example of indirect cost.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 25-26
LO 1, AC 1.2
Question #55
Which of the following are considered as direct costs in a construction company? Select TWO op-tions
- A . Raw materials
- B . An employee is hired to work on a project, either exclusively or for an assigned number of hours
- C . The materials and supplies needed for the company’s day-to-day operations.
- D . Advertising and marketing communication
- E . Clerical assistants who maintain the office
Correct Answer: A,B
A,B
Explanation:
Direct costs are directly associated with the production of a good or service. In this question, ‘An employee is hired to work on a project, either exclusively or for an assigned number of hours’ and ‘Raw materials’ are directly related to producing the product. Indirect costs are the general costs of the organisation – these costs cannot easily be attributed to specific products or services (also known as overheads). ‘The materials and supplies needed for the company’s day-to-day operations’ or ‘Clerical assistants who maintain the office’ or ‘Advertising and marketing communication’ is example of indirect cost.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 25-26
LO 1, AC 1.2
A,B
Explanation:
Direct costs are directly associated with the production of a good or service. In this question, ‘An employee is hired to work on a project, either exclusively or for an assigned number of hours’ and ‘Raw materials’ are directly related to producing the product. Indirect costs are the general costs of the organisation – these costs cannot easily be attributed to specific products or services (also known as overheads). ‘The materials and supplies needed for the company’s day-to-day operations’ or ‘Clerical assistants who maintain the office’ or ‘Advertising and marketing communication’ is example of indirect cost.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 25-26
LO 1, AC 1.2
Question #55
Which of the following are considered as direct costs in a construction company? Select TWO op-tions
- A . Raw materials
- B . An employee is hired to work on a project, either exclusively or for an assigned number of hours
- C . The materials and supplies needed for the company’s day-to-day operations.
- D . Advertising and marketing communication
- E . Clerical assistants who maintain the office
Correct Answer: A,B
A,B
Explanation:
Direct costs are directly associated with the production of a good or service. In this question, ‘An employee is hired to work on a project, either exclusively or for an assigned number of hours’ and ‘Raw materials’ are directly related to producing the product. Indirect costs are the general costs of the organisation – these costs cannot easily be attributed to specific products or services (also known as overheads). ‘The materials and supplies needed for the company’s day-to-day operations’ or ‘Clerical assistants who maintain the office’ or ‘Advertising and marketing communication’ is example of indirect cost.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 25-26
LO 1, AC 1.2
A,B
Explanation:
Direct costs are directly associated with the production of a good or service. In this question, ‘An employee is hired to work on a project, either exclusively or for an assigned number of hours’ and ‘Raw materials’ are directly related to producing the product. Indirect costs are the general costs of the organisation – these costs cannot easily be attributed to specific products or services (also known as overheads). ‘The materials and supplies needed for the company’s day-to-day operations’ or ‘Clerical assistants who maintain the office’ or ‘Advertising and marketing communication’ is example of indirect cost.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 25-26
LO 1, AC 1.2
Question #60
Threat of backward integration is significant
- A . 3 and 4 only
- B . 2 and 3 only
- C . 1 and 4 only
- D . 2 and 4 only
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
Price sensitivity is the degree to which the price of a product affects consumers’ purchasing behaviours. Buyer power will be stronger if buying organisation are price sensitive and vice versa.
Backward integration is a form of vertical integration in which a buying organisation expands its role to fulfil tasks formerly completed by businesses up the supply chain. Buyer power is strong if threat of backward integration is high.
Set-up cost is a determinant of threat of new entry. Some industries require very expensive assets in order to make products. The financial risk of entering the industry and not succeeding can deter many potential new entrants. The fewer new entrants, the fewer available substitutes, then the bar-gaining power of buyer can be negatively affected.
Forward integration is a business strategy that involves a form of vertical integration whereby business activities are expanded to include control of the direct distribution or supply of a compa-ny’s products. Threat of forward integration is a determinant of supplier’s bargaining power.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 88-91
LO 2, AC 2.2
C
Explanation:
Price sensitivity is the degree to which the price of a product affects consumers’ purchasing behaviours. Buyer power will be stronger if buying organisation are price sensitive and vice versa.
Backward integration is a form of vertical integration in which a buying organisation expands its role to fulfil tasks formerly completed by businesses up the supply chain. Buyer power is strong if threat of backward integration is high.
Set-up cost is a determinant of threat of new entry. Some industries require very expensive assets in order to make products. The financial risk of entering the industry and not succeeding can deter many potential new entrants. The fewer new entrants, the fewer available substitutes, then the bar-gaining power of buyer can be negatively affected.
Forward integration is a business strategy that involves a form of vertical integration whereby business activities are expanded to include control of the direct distribution or supply of a compa-ny’s products. Threat of forward integration is a determinant of supplier’s bargaining power.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 88-91
LO 2, AC 2.2
Question #61
To strengthen its market presence, ABC Group decided to develop a new product. A cross-functional team was formed to discuss the scope and the functions of the product. They will also survey the potential customers to see what they like, what they love, and what they dislike.
What is this process called?
- A . Value analysis
- B . Cash flow analysis
- C . Product standardisation
- D . Value engineering
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
As you can see from the scenario, ABC Group is developing the new product. It might be using value engineering. The latter sentences confirm this: the cross-functional team in ABC is mapping the functions and surveying the customers. Their method is known as Kano model.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 171-172
LO 3, AC 3.4
D
Explanation:
As you can see from the scenario, ABC Group is developing the new product. It might be using value engineering. The latter sentences confirm this: the cross-functional team in ABC is mapping the functions and surveying the customers. Their method is known as Kano model.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 171-172
LO 3, AC 3.4
Question #62
This is the information on an organisation’s activities over the past year
• Sale were $5,000,000. The value of accounts receivable was $450,000 at the start of the year and $525,000 at the end of the year
• The value of direct costs was $2,500,000 and 75% of this was bought on credit
• Indirect costs were $3,000,000 and 25% of this was bought on credit
• During the year the organization spent $1,500,000 on new assets and sold $150,000 of old assets. $1,000,000 of the spend on assets was funded by a bank loan
• The organization declared a dividend of $200,000 at the end of the year but this was not paid for another two months
• Opening balance was $175,000
Which of the following is the bank balance of that organization at the end of the year?
- A . $1,675,000
- B . $1,875,000
- C . $1,700,000
- D . $2,025,000
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
In this question, you should understand the concept of cash flow and formula of cash flow.
Cash flow calculates the physical money moving in and out a company’s bank balance.
The cash flow from sale activity is:
cash flow from sale = account receivable at beginning of the year + revenue – account receivable at the end of the year = $450,000 + $5,000,000 – $525,000 = $4,925,000
75% of direct costs was bought by credit, therefore, the company spent 25% on direct cost:
-$2,500,000*25/100 = -$625,000
25% of indirect costs was bought on credit. Cash flow out on indirect costs is: – $3,000,000*75/100 = -$2,250,000
Company spent $1,500,000 on new assets funded by a loan of $1,000,000. Cash flow out from this activity is -$500,000
Company received $150,000 from selling old assets
Dividends have not been paid for another 2 months, thus, they are not accounted as cash flow out.
The bank balance at the end of the year is: $175,000 + $4,925,000 – $625,000 – $2,250,000 – $500,000 + $150,000 = $1,875,000 LO 1, AC 1.4
B
Explanation:
In this question, you should understand the concept of cash flow and formula of cash flow.
Cash flow calculates the physical money moving in and out a company’s bank balance.
The cash flow from sale activity is:
cash flow from sale = account receivable at beginning of the year + revenue – account receivable at the end of the year = $450,000 + $5,000,000 – $525,000 = $4,925,000
75% of direct costs was bought by credit, therefore, the company spent 25% on direct cost:
-$2,500,000*25/100 = -$625,000
25% of indirect costs was bought on credit. Cash flow out on indirect costs is: – $3,000,000*75/100 = -$2,250,000
Company spent $1,500,000 on new assets funded by a loan of $1,000,000. Cash flow out from this activity is -$500,000
Company received $150,000 from selling old assets
Dividends have not been paid for another 2 months, thus, they are not accounted as cash flow out.
The bank balance at the end of the year is: $175,000 + $4,925,000 – $625,000 – $2,250,000 – $500,000 + $150,000 = $1,875,000 LO 1, AC 1.4
Question #63
What is the output of regression analysis?
- A . Forecasting process
- B . Dependent variables
- C . Line of best fit
- D . Independent variables
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
Regression refers to a quantitative measure of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a resulting dependent variable. Regression is of use to professionals in a wide range of fields from science and public service to financial analysis. To perform a regression analysis, a statistician collects a set of data points, each including a com-plete set of dependent and independent variables. For example, the dependent variable could be a firm’s stock price and the independent variables could be the Standard and Poor’s 500 index and the national unemployment rate, assuming that the stock is not listed in the S&P 500. The sample set could be each of these three data sets for the past 20 years.
On a chart, these data points would appear as scatter plot, a set of points that may or may not appear to be organized along any line. If a linear pattern is apparent, it may be possible to sketch a line of best fit that minimizes the distance of those points from that line. If no organizing axis is visually apparent, regression analysis can generate a line based on the least squares method. This method builds the line which minimizes the squared distance of each point from the line of best fit.
Line of best fit is one of the most important outputs of regression analysis.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 99-100
– Line Of Best Fit (investopedia.com) LO 2, AC 2.3
C
Explanation:
Regression refers to a quantitative measure of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a resulting dependent variable. Regression is of use to professionals in a wide range of fields from science and public service to financial analysis. To perform a regression analysis, a statistician collects a set of data points, each including a com-plete set of dependent and independent variables. For example, the dependent variable could be a firm’s stock price and the independent variables could be the Standard and Poor’s 500 index and the national unemployment rate, assuming that the stock is not listed in the S&P 500. The sample set could be each of these three data sets for the past 20 years.
On a chart, these data points would appear as scatter plot, a set of points that may or may not appear to be organized along any line. If a linear pattern is apparent, it may be possible to sketch a line of best fit that minimizes the distance of those points from that line. If no organizing axis is visually apparent, regression analysis can generate a line based on the least squares method. This method builds the line which minimizes the squared distance of each point from the line of best fit.
Line of best fit is one of the most important outputs of regression analysis.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 99-100
– Line Of Best Fit (investopedia.com) LO 2, AC 2.3
Question #63
What is the output of regression analysis?
- A . Forecasting process
- B . Dependent variables
- C . Line of best fit
- D . Independent variables
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
Regression refers to a quantitative measure of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a resulting dependent variable. Regression is of use to professionals in a wide range of fields from science and public service to financial analysis. To perform a regression analysis, a statistician collects a set of data points, each including a com-plete set of dependent and independent variables. For example, the dependent variable could be a firm’s stock price and the independent variables could be the Standard and Poor’s 500 index and the national unemployment rate, assuming that the stock is not listed in the S&P 500. The sample set could be each of these three data sets for the past 20 years.
On a chart, these data points would appear as scatter plot, a set of points that may or may not appear to be organized along any line. If a linear pattern is apparent, it may be possible to sketch a line of best fit that minimizes the distance of those points from that line. If no organizing axis is visually apparent, regression analysis can generate a line based on the least squares method. This method builds the line which minimizes the squared distance of each point from the line of best fit.
Line of best fit is one of the most important outputs of regression analysis.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 99-100
– Line Of Best Fit (investopedia.com) LO 2, AC 2.3
C
Explanation:
Regression refers to a quantitative measure of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a resulting dependent variable. Regression is of use to professionals in a wide range of fields from science and public service to financial analysis. To perform a regression analysis, a statistician collects a set of data points, each including a com-plete set of dependent and independent variables. For example, the dependent variable could be a firm’s stock price and the independent variables could be the Standard and Poor’s 500 index and the national unemployment rate, assuming that the stock is not listed in the S&P 500. The sample set could be each of these three data sets for the past 20 years.
On a chart, these data points would appear as scatter plot, a set of points that may or may not appear to be organized along any line. If a linear pattern is apparent, it may be possible to sketch a line of best fit that minimizes the distance of those points from that line. If no organizing axis is visually apparent, regression analysis can generate a line based on the least squares method. This method builds the line which minimizes the squared distance of each point from the line of best fit.
Line of best fit is one of the most important outputs of regression analysis.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 99-100
– Line Of Best Fit (investopedia.com) LO 2, AC 2.3
Question #63
What is the output of regression analysis?
- A . Forecasting process
- B . Dependent variables
- C . Line of best fit
- D . Independent variables
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
Regression refers to a quantitative measure of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a resulting dependent variable. Regression is of use to professionals in a wide range of fields from science and public service to financial analysis. To perform a regression analysis, a statistician collects a set of data points, each including a com-plete set of dependent and independent variables. For example, the dependent variable could be a firm’s stock price and the independent variables could be the Standard and Poor’s 500 index and the national unemployment rate, assuming that the stock is not listed in the S&P 500. The sample set could be each of these three data sets for the past 20 years.
On a chart, these data points would appear as scatter plot, a set of points that may or may not appear to be organized along any line. If a linear pattern is apparent, it may be possible to sketch a line of best fit that minimizes the distance of those points from that line. If no organizing axis is visually apparent, regression analysis can generate a line based on the least squares method. This method builds the line which minimizes the squared distance of each point from the line of best fit.
Line of best fit is one of the most important outputs of regression analysis.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 99-100
– Line Of Best Fit (investopedia.com) LO 2, AC 2.3
C
Explanation:
Regression refers to a quantitative measure of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a resulting dependent variable. Regression is of use to professionals in a wide range of fields from science and public service to financial analysis. To perform a regression analysis, a statistician collects a set of data points, each including a com-plete set of dependent and independent variables. For example, the dependent variable could be a firm’s stock price and the independent variables could be the Standard and Poor’s 500 index and the national unemployment rate, assuming that the stock is not listed in the S&P 500. The sample set could be each of these three data sets for the past 20 years.
On a chart, these data points would appear as scatter plot, a set of points that may or may not appear to be organized along any line. If a linear pattern is apparent, it may be possible to sketch a line of best fit that minimizes the distance of those points from that line. If no organizing axis is visually apparent, regression analysis can generate a line based on the least squares method. This method builds the line which minimizes the squared distance of each point from the line of best fit.
Line of best fit is one of the most important outputs of regression analysis.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 99-100
– Line Of Best Fit (investopedia.com) LO 2, AC 2.3
Question #63
What is the output of regression analysis?
- A . Forecasting process
- B . Dependent variables
- C . Line of best fit
- D . Independent variables
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
Regression refers to a quantitative measure of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a resulting dependent variable. Regression is of use to professionals in a wide range of fields from science and public service to financial analysis. To perform a regression analysis, a statistician collects a set of data points, each including a com-plete set of dependent and independent variables. For example, the dependent variable could be a firm’s stock price and the independent variables could be the Standard and Poor’s 500 index and the national unemployment rate, assuming that the stock is not listed in the S&P 500. The sample set could be each of these three data sets for the past 20 years.
On a chart, these data points would appear as scatter plot, a set of points that may or may not appear to be organized along any line. If a linear pattern is apparent, it may be possible to sketch a line of best fit that minimizes the distance of those points from that line. If no organizing axis is visually apparent, regression analysis can generate a line based on the least squares method. This method builds the line which minimizes the squared distance of each point from the line of best fit.
Line of best fit is one of the most important outputs of regression analysis.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 99-100
– Line Of Best Fit (investopedia.com) LO 2, AC 2.3
C
Explanation:
Regression refers to a quantitative measure of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a resulting dependent variable. Regression is of use to professionals in a wide range of fields from science and public service to financial analysis. To perform a regression analysis, a statistician collects a set of data points, each including a com-plete set of dependent and independent variables. For example, the dependent variable could be a firm’s stock price and the independent variables could be the Standard and Poor’s 500 index and the national unemployment rate, assuming that the stock is not listed in the S&P 500. The sample set could be each of these three data sets for the past 20 years.
On a chart, these data points would appear as scatter plot, a set of points that may or may not appear to be organized along any line. If a linear pattern is apparent, it may be possible to sketch a line of best fit that minimizes the distance of those points from that line. If no organizing axis is visually apparent, regression analysis can generate a line based on the least squares method. This method builds the line which minimizes the squared distance of each point from the line of best fit.
Line of best fit is one of the most important outputs of regression analysis.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 99-100
– Line Of Best Fit (investopedia.com) LO 2, AC 2.3
Question #63
What is the output of regression analysis?
- A . Forecasting process
- B . Dependent variables
- C . Line of best fit
- D . Independent variables
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
Regression refers to a quantitative measure of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a resulting dependent variable. Regression is of use to professionals in a wide range of fields from science and public service to financial analysis. To perform a regression analysis, a statistician collects a set of data points, each including a com-plete set of dependent and independent variables. For example, the dependent variable could be a firm’s stock price and the independent variables could be the Standard and Poor’s 500 index and the national unemployment rate, assuming that the stock is not listed in the S&P 500. The sample set could be each of these three data sets for the past 20 years.
On a chart, these data points would appear as scatter plot, a set of points that may or may not appear to be organized along any line. If a linear pattern is apparent, it may be possible to sketch a line of best fit that minimizes the distance of those points from that line. If no organizing axis is visually apparent, regression analysis can generate a line based on the least squares method. This method builds the line which minimizes the squared distance of each point from the line of best fit.
Line of best fit is one of the most important outputs of regression analysis.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 99-100
– Line Of Best Fit (investopedia.com) LO 2, AC 2.3
C
Explanation:
Regression refers to a quantitative measure of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a resulting dependent variable. Regression is of use to professionals in a wide range of fields from science and public service to financial analysis. To perform a regression analysis, a statistician collects a set of data points, each including a com-plete set of dependent and independent variables. For example, the dependent variable could be a firm’s stock price and the independent variables could be the Standard and Poor’s 500 index and the national unemployment rate, assuming that the stock is not listed in the S&P 500. The sample set could be each of these three data sets for the past 20 years.
On a chart, these data points would appear as scatter plot, a set of points that may or may not appear to be organized along any line. If a linear pattern is apparent, it may be possible to sketch a line of best fit that minimizes the distance of those points from that line. If no organizing axis is visually apparent, regression analysis can generate a line based on the least squares method. This method builds the line which minimizes the squared distance of each point from the line of best fit.
Line of best fit is one of the most important outputs of regression analysis.
Reference:
– CIPS study guide page 99-100
– Line Of Best Fit (investopedia.com) LO 2, AC 2.3
Question #68
Information security
2 and 4 only
- A . 1 and 2 only
- B . 2 and 3 only
- C . 3 and 4 only
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
ISO 14001:2015 specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an or-ganization can use to enhance its environmental performance. ISO 14001:2015 is intended for use by an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability.
ISO 14001:2015 helps an organization achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental man-agement system, which provide value for the environment, the organization itself and interested parties. Consistent with the organization’s environmental policy, the intended outcomes of an environmental management system include:
• enhancement of environmental performance;
• fulfilment of compliance obligations;
• achievement of environmental objectives.
ISO 14001:2015 is applicable to any organization, regardless of size, type and nature, and applies to the environmental aspects of its activities, products and services that the organization determines it can either control or influence considering a life cycle perspective. ISO 14001:2015 does not state specific environmental performance criteria. ISO 14001:2015 can be used in whole or in part to systematically improve environmental manage-ment. Claims of conformity to ISO 14001:2015, however, are not acceptable unless all its require-ments are incorporated into an organization’s environmental management system and fulfilled without exclusion.
In conclusion, ISO 14001:2015 focuses on: management system (including roles, leadership and processes) and the life cycle of product or service. Life cycle is defined as "consecutive and inter-linked stages of a product (or service) system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal. […] The life cycle stages include acquisition of raw materials, design, production, transportation/ delivery, use, end-of-life treatment and final disposal."
The answer is process and life cycle.
Reference:
– ISO 14001:2015 Environmental management systems ― Requirements with guidance for use
LO 3, AC 3.1
B
Explanation:
ISO 14001:2015 specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an or-ganization can use to enhance its environmental performance. ISO 14001:2015 is intended for use by an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability.
ISO 14001:2015 helps an organization achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental man-agement system, which provide value for the environment, the organization itself and interested parties. Consistent with the organization’s environmental policy, the intended outcomes of an environmental management system include:
• enhancement of environmental performance;
• fulfilment of compliance obligations;
• achievement of environmental objectives.
ISO 14001:2015 is applicable to any organization, regardless of size, type and nature, and applies to the environmental aspects of its activities, products and services that the organization determines it can either control or influence considering a life cycle perspective. ISO 14001:2015 does not state specific environmental performance criteria. ISO 14001:2015 can be used in whole or in part to systematically improve environmental manage-ment. Claims of conformity to ISO 14001:2015, however, are not acceptable unless all its require-ments are incorporated into an organization’s environmental management system and fulfilled without exclusion.
In conclusion, ISO 14001:2015 focuses on: management system (including roles, leadership and processes) and the life cycle of product or service. Life cycle is defined as "consecutive and inter-linked stages of a product (or service) system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal. […] The life cycle stages include acquisition of raw materials, design, production, transportation/ delivery, use, end-of-life treatment and final disposal."
The answer is process and life cycle.
Reference:
– ISO 14001:2015 Environmental management systems ― Requirements with guidance for use
LO 3, AC 3.1
Question #68
Information security
2 and 4 only
- A . 1 and 2 only
- B . 2 and 3 only
- C . 3 and 4 only
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
ISO 14001:2015 specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an or-ganization can use to enhance its environmental performance. ISO 14001:2015 is intended for use by an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability.
ISO 14001:2015 helps an organization achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental man-agement system, which provide value for the environment, the organization itself and interested parties. Consistent with the organization’s environmental policy, the intended outcomes of an environmental management system include:
• enhancement of environmental performance;
• fulfilment of compliance obligations;
• achievement of environmental objectives.
ISO 14001:2015 is applicable to any organization, regardless of size, type and nature, and applies to the environmental aspects of its activities, products and services that the organization determines it can either control or influence considering a life cycle perspective. ISO 14001:2015 does not state specific environmental performance criteria. ISO 14001:2015 can be used in whole or in part to systematically improve environmental manage-ment. Claims of conformity to ISO 14001:2015, however, are not acceptable unless all its require-ments are incorporated into an organization’s environmental management system and fulfilled without exclusion.
In conclusion, ISO 14001:2015 focuses on: management system (including roles, leadership and processes) and the life cycle of product or service. Life cycle is defined as "consecutive and inter-linked stages of a product (or service) system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal. […] The life cycle stages include acquisition of raw materials, design, production, transportation/ delivery, use, end-of-life treatment and final disposal."
The answer is process and life cycle.
Reference:
– ISO 14001:2015 Environmental management systems ― Requirements with guidance for use
LO 3, AC 3.1
B
Explanation:
ISO 14001:2015 specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an or-ganization can use to enhance its environmental performance. ISO 14001:2015 is intended for use by an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability.
ISO 14001:2015 helps an organization achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental man-agement system, which provide value for the environment, the organization itself and interested parties. Consistent with the organization’s environmental policy, the intended outcomes of an environmental management system include:
• enhancement of environmental performance;
• fulfilment of compliance obligations;
• achievement of environmental objectives.
ISO 14001:2015 is applicable to any organization, regardless of size, type and nature, and applies to the environmental aspects of its activities, products and services that the organization determines it can either control or influence considering a life cycle perspective. ISO 14001:2015 does not state specific environmental performance criteria. ISO 14001:2015 can be used in whole or in part to systematically improve environmental manage-ment. Claims of conformity to ISO 14001:2015, however, are not acceptable unless all its require-ments are incorporated into an organization’s environmental management system and fulfilled without exclusion.
In conclusion, ISO 14001:2015 focuses on: management system (including roles, leadership and processes) and the life cycle of product or service. Life cycle is defined as "consecutive and inter-linked stages of a product (or service) system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal. […] The life cycle stages include acquisition of raw materials, design, production, transportation/ delivery, use, end-of-life treatment and final disposal."
The answer is process and life cycle.
Reference:
– ISO 14001:2015 Environmental management systems ― Requirements with guidance for use
LO 3, AC 3.1
Question #68
Information security
2 and 4 only
- A . 1 and 2 only
- B . 2 and 3 only
- C . 3 and 4 only
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
ISO 14001:2015 specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an or-ganization can use to enhance its environmental performance. ISO 14001:2015 is intended for use by an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability.
ISO 14001:2015 helps an organization achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental man-agement system, which provide value for the environment, the organization itself and interested parties. Consistent with the organization’s environmental policy, the intended outcomes of an environmental management system include:
• enhancement of environmental performance;
• fulfilment of compliance obligations;
• achievement of environmental objectives.
ISO 14001:2015 is applicable to any organization, regardless of size, type and nature, and applies to the environmental aspects of its activities, products and services that the organization determines it can either control or influence considering a life cycle perspective. ISO 14001:2015 does not state specific environmental performance criteria. ISO 14001:2015 can be used in whole or in part to systematically improve environmental manage-ment. Claims of conformity to ISO 14001:2015, however, are not acceptable unless all its require-ments are incorporated into an organization’s environmental management system and fulfilled without exclusion.
In conclusion, ISO 14001:2015 focuses on: management system (including roles, leadership and processes) and the life cycle of product or service. Life cycle is defined as "consecutive and inter-linked stages of a product (or service) system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal. […] The life cycle stages include acquisition of raw materials, design, production, transportation/ delivery, use, end-of-life treatment and final disposal."
The answer is process and life cycle.
Reference:
– ISO 14001:2015 Environmental management systems ― Requirements with guidance for use
LO 3, AC 3.1
B
Explanation:
ISO 14001:2015 specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an or-ganization can use to enhance its environmental performance. ISO 14001:2015 is intended for use by an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability.
ISO 14001:2015 helps an organization achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental man-agement system, which provide value for the environment, the organization itself and interested parties. Consistent with the organization’s environmental policy, the intended outcomes of an environmental management system include:
• enhancement of environmental performance;
• fulfilment of compliance obligations;
• achievement of environmental objectives.
ISO 14001:2015 is applicable to any organization, regardless of size, type and nature, and applies to the environmental aspects of its activities, products and services that the organization determines it can either control or influence considering a life cycle perspective. ISO 14001:2015 does not state specific environmental performance criteria. ISO 14001:2015 can be used in whole or in part to systematically improve environmental manage-ment. Claims of conformity to ISO 14001:2015, however, are not acceptable unless all its require-ments are incorporated into an organization’s environmental management system and fulfilled without exclusion.
In conclusion, ISO 14001:2015 focuses on: management system (including roles, leadership and processes) and the life cycle of product or service. Life cycle is defined as "consecutive and inter-linked stages of a product (or service) system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal. […] The life cycle stages include acquisition of raw materials, design, production, transportation/ delivery, use, end-of-life treatment and final disposal."
The answer is process and life cycle.
Reference:
– ISO 14001:2015 Environmental management systems ― Requirements with guidance for use
LO 3, AC 3.1
Question #68
Information security
2 and 4 only
- A . 1 and 2 only
- B . 2 and 3 only
- C . 3 and 4 only
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
ISO 14001:2015 specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an or-ganization can use to enhance its environmental performance. ISO 14001:2015 is intended for use by an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability.
ISO 14001:2015 helps an organization achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental man-agement system, which provide value for the environment, the organization itself and interested parties. Consistent with the organization’s environmental policy, the intended outcomes of an environmental management system include:
• enhancement of environmental performance;
• fulfilment of compliance obligations;
• achievement of environmental objectives.
ISO 14001:2015 is applicable to any organization, regardless of size, type and nature, and applies to the environmental aspects of its activities, products and services that the organization determines it can either control or influence considering a life cycle perspective. ISO 14001:2015 does not state specific environmental performance criteria. ISO 14001:2015 can be used in whole or in part to systematically improve environmental manage-ment. Claims of conformity to ISO 14001:2015, however, are not acceptable unless all its require-ments are incorporated into an organization’s environmental management system and fulfilled without exclusion.
In conclusion, ISO 14001:2015 focuses on: management system (including roles, leadership and processes) and the life cycle of product or service. Life cycle is defined as "consecutive and inter-linked stages of a product (or service) system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal. […] The life cycle stages include acquisition of raw materials, design, production, transportation/ delivery, use, end-of-life treatment and final disposal."
The answer is process and life cycle.
Reference:
– ISO 14001:2015 Environmental management systems ― Requirements with guidance for use
LO 3, AC 3.1
B
Explanation:
ISO 14001:2015 specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an or-ganization can use to enhance its environmental performance. ISO 14001:2015 is intended for use by an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability.
ISO 14001:2015 helps an organization achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental man-agement system, which provide value for the environment, the organization itself and interested parties. Consistent with the organization’s environmental policy, the intended outcomes of an environmental management system include:
• enhancement of environmental performance;
• fulfilment of compliance obligations;
• achievement of environmental objectives.
ISO 14001:2015 is applicable to any organization, regardless of size, type and nature, and applies to the environmental aspects of its activities, products and services that the organization determines it can either control or influence considering a life cycle perspective. ISO 14001:2015 does not state specific environmental performance criteria. ISO 14001:2015 can be used in whole or in part to systematically improve environmental manage-ment. Claims of conformity to ISO 14001:2015, however, are not acceptable unless all its require-ments are incorporated into an organization’s environmental management system and fulfilled without exclusion.
In conclusion, ISO 14001:2015 focuses on: management system (including roles, leadership and processes) and the life cycle of product or service. Life cycle is defined as "consecutive and inter-linked stages of a product (or service) system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal. […] The life cycle stages include acquisition of raw materials, design, production, transportation/ delivery, use, end-of-life treatment and final disposal."
The answer is process and life cycle.
Reference:
– ISO 14001:2015 Environmental management systems ― Requirements with guidance for use
LO 3, AC 3.1
Question #68
Information security
2 and 4 only
- A . 1 and 2 only
- B . 2 and 3 only
- C . 3 and 4 only
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
ISO 14001:2015 specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an or-ganization can use to enhance its environmental performance. ISO 14001:2015 is intended for use by an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability.
ISO 14001:2015 helps an organization achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental man-agement system, which provide value for the environment, the organization itself and interested parties. Consistent with the organization’s environmental policy, the intended outcomes of an environmental management system include:
• enhancement of environmental performance;
• fulfilment of compliance obligations;
• achievement of environmental objectives.
ISO 14001:2015 is applicable to any organization, regardless of size, type and nature, and applies to the environmental aspects of its activities, products and services that the organization determines it can either control or influence considering a life cycle perspective. ISO 14001:2015 does not state specific environmental performance criteria. ISO 14001:2015 can be used in whole or in part to systematically improve environmental manage-ment. Claims of conformity to ISO 14001:2015, however, are not acceptable unless all its require-ments are incorporated into an organization’s environmental management system and fulfilled without exclusion.
In conclusion, ISO 14001:2015 focuses on: management system (including roles, leadership and processes) and the life cycle of product or service. Life cycle is defined as "consecutive and inter-linked stages of a product (or service) system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal. […] The life cycle stages include acquisition of raw materials, design, production, transportation/ delivery, use, end-of-life treatment and final disposal."
The answer is process and life cycle.
Reference:
– ISO 14001:2015 Environmental management systems ― Requirements with guidance for use
LO 3, AC 3.1
B
Explanation:
ISO 14001:2015 specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an or-ganization can use to enhance its environmental performance. ISO 14001:2015 is intended for use by an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability.
ISO 14001:2015 helps an organization achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental man-agement system, which provide value for the environment, the organization itself and interested parties. Consistent with the organization’s environmental policy, the intended outcomes of an environmental management system include:
• enhancement of environmental performance;
• fulfilment of compliance obligations;
• achievement of environmental objectives.
ISO 14001:2015 is applicable to any organization, regardless of size, type and nature, and applies to the environmental aspects of its activities, products and services that the organization determines it can either control or influence considering a life cycle perspective. ISO 14001:2015 does not state specific environmental performance criteria. ISO 14001:2015 can be used in whole or in part to systematically improve environmental manage-ment. Claims of conformity to ISO 14001:2015, however, are not acceptable unless all its require-ments are incorporated into an organization’s environmental management system and fulfilled without exclusion.
In conclusion, ISO 14001:2015 focuses on: management system (including roles, leadership and processes) and the life cycle of product or service. Life cycle is defined as "consecutive and inter-linked stages of a product (or service) system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal. […] The life cycle stages include acquisition of raw materials, design, production, transportation/ delivery, use, end-of-life treatment and final disposal."
The answer is process and life cycle.
Reference:
– ISO 14001:2015 Environmental management systems ― Requirements with guidance for use
LO 3, AC 3.1
Question #73
Standardisation
- A . 2 and 3 only
- B . 1 and 3 only
- C . 3 and 4 only
- D . 1 and 4 only
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
Value analysis is often defined as a systematic process for improving the value of a product, service or project.
It is typically used in the following ways:
– To determine the value of each component used
– To find cost reduction opportunities by optimising the components used Segment analysis helps procurement and supply to shape and manage the supply markets.
There is no concept known as Variety reduction.
Standardisation is the process which is used to reduce varieties of products or parts.
In this scenario, the company’s objective is cost reduction, then value analysis or value engineering is more likely to be applied. Also the company aims at reducing variety, standardisation can be combined with value analysis to produce the best results.
LO 3, AC 3.4
D
Explanation:
Value analysis is often defined as a systematic process for improving the value of a product, service or project.
It is typically used in the following ways:
– To determine the value of each component used
– To find cost reduction opportunities by optimising the components used Segment analysis helps procurement and supply to shape and manage the supply markets.
There is no concept known as Variety reduction.
Standardisation is the process which is used to reduce varieties of products or parts.
In this scenario, the company’s objective is cost reduction, then value analysis or value engineering is more likely to be applied. Also the company aims at reducing variety, standardisation can be combined with value analysis to produce the best results.
LO 3, AC 3.4
Question #74
A buying organisation may not have technical capability to produce a highly complex specification.
Which of the following are sources of information that can be used to create the specification? Select TWO that apply
- A . Standard terms and conditions
- B . Name cards
- C . Industry standards
- D . Suppliers’ know-how
- E . Constitution
Correct Answer: C,D
C,D
Explanation:
If an organisation doesn’t have capability to produce a technical specification, they can draft one based on standards or consulting the suppliers.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 125-130
LO 3, AC 3.1
C,D
Explanation:
If an organisation doesn’t have capability to produce a technical specification, they can draft one based on standards or consulting the suppliers.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 125-130
LO 3, AC 3.1
Question #75
Andrew is responsible for procurement of capital assets at Lumber Ltd. He is devising new business case for the purchase of a new band saw. The purchase price of the saw is $50,000. Andrew estimates that the machine will generate $10,000 per year of net cash flow.
What is the payback period of this band saw?
- A . 10 years
- B . 5 years
- C . 3 years
- D . 4 years
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
Payback period is the time in which the initial outlay of an investment is expected to be recovered through the cash inflows generated by the investment. It is one of the simplest investment apprais-al techniques.
Since cash flow estimates are quite accurate for periods in the near future and relatively inaccurate for periods in distant future due to economic and operational uncertainties, payback period is an indicator of risk inherent in a project because it takes initial inflows into account and ignores the cash flows after the point at which the initial investment is recovered.
The formula to calculate the payback period of an investment depends on whether the periodic cash inflows from the project are even or uneven.
If the cash inflows are even (such as for investments in annuities), the formula to calculate payback period is:
Payback Period = Initial Investment / Net Cash Flow per Period
When cash inflows are uneven, we need to calculate the cumulative net cash flow for each period and then use the following formula:
Payback Period =A + (B/C)
Where,
A is the last period number with a negative cumulative cash flow;
B is the absolute value (i.e. value without negative sign) of cumulative net cash flow at the end of the period A; and C is the total cash inflow during the period following period A Cumulative net cash flow is the sum of inflows to date, minus the initial outflow.
Reference:
– Payback Period | Formulas, Calculation & Examples (xplaind.com)
– CIPS study guide page 44-47
LO 1, AC 1.3
B
Explanation:
Payback period is the time in which the initial outlay of an investment is expected to be recovered through the cash inflows generated by the investment. It is one of the simplest investment apprais-al techniques.
Since cash flow estimates are quite accurate for periods in the near future and relatively inaccurate for periods in distant future due to economic and operational uncertainties, payback period is an indicator of risk inherent in a project because it takes initial inflows into account and ignores the cash flows after the point at which the initial investment is recovered.
The formula to calculate the payback period of an investment depends on whether the periodic cash inflows from the project are even or uneven.
If the cash inflows are even (such as for investments in annuities), the formula to calculate payback period is:
Payback Period = Initial Investment / Net Cash Flow per Period
When cash inflows are uneven, we need to calculate the cumulative net cash flow for each period and then use the following formula:
Payback Period =A + (B/C)
Where,
A is the last period number with a negative cumulative cash flow;
B is the absolute value (i.e. value without negative sign) of cumulative net cash flow at the end of the period A; and C is the total cash inflow during the period following period A Cumulative net cash flow is the sum of inflows to date, minus the initial outflow.
Reference:
– Payback Period | Formulas, Calculation & Examples (xplaind.com)
– CIPS study guide page 44-47
LO 1, AC 1.3
Question #76
Department for Transport (DfT) needs to buy new locomotives to expand the capacity of trains fleet. In 2009, they were criticized for beginning the procurement “without any clear idea of how many trains would be needed, which routes they would run on and what form of power would be required”.
What should procurement manager of DfT do first to manage risk in making the specification?
- A . Identify the possible risks
- B . Monitor the potential risks
- C . Implement mitigating actions
- D . Assess the potential risks
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
There are 4 steps to risk managing process:
Step 1: Identify hazards
Step 2: Assess the risk
Once a risk has been identified, a risk assessment should be conducted.
You should carry out a risk assessment for any manual tasks identified as being hazardous, unless the risk is well known and you know how to control it. A risk assessment can help you determine, which postures, movements and forces of the task pose a risk, where during the task they pose a risk, why they are occurring and what needs to be fixed. Step 3: Control the risk
The ways of controlling risks are ranked from the highest level of protection and reliability to the lowest, which is known as the hierarchy of control. You must always aim to eliminate the hazard, which is the most effective control. Step 4: Review risk control
Control measures that have been implemented must be reviewed, and, if necessary, revised to make sure they work as planned and to maintain a work environment that is without risks to health and safety.
Source: WorkCover Queensland
Reference: CIPS study guide page 142-146
LO 3, AC 3.3
A
Explanation:
There are 4 steps to risk managing process:
Step 1: Identify hazards
Step 2: Assess the risk
Once a risk has been identified, a risk assessment should be conducted.
You should carry out a risk assessment for any manual tasks identified as being hazardous, unless the risk is well known and you know how to control it. A risk assessment can help you determine, which postures, movements and forces of the task pose a risk, where during the task they pose a risk, why they are occurring and what needs to be fixed. Step 3: Control the risk
The ways of controlling risks are ranked from the highest level of protection and reliability to the lowest, which is known as the hierarchy of control. You must always aim to eliminate the hazard, which is the most effective control. Step 4: Review risk control
Control measures that have been implemented must be reviewed, and, if necessary, revised to make sure they work as planned and to maintain a work environment that is without risks to health and safety.
Source: WorkCover Queensland
Reference: CIPS study guide page 142-146
LO 3, AC 3.3
Question #77
XYZ Ltd is a large supermarket chain which operates mainly in the UK and Europe. Their custom-ers are increasingly concerned about sustainability. Therefore, procurement manager is required to source the products from suppliers who have good environmental performance.
Which of the fol-lowing can be an assurance that the supplier has procedures and policies to enhance its environmental performance?
- A . ISO 14001:2015 certificate
- B . ISO 13485:2016 certificate
- C . ISO 22716:2007 certificate
- D . ISO 9001:2015 certificate
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
ISO 9001:2015 specifies requirements for a quality management system.
ISO 14001:2015 specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an or-ganization can use to enhance its environmental performance. ISO 14001:2015 is intended for use by an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability.
ISO 22716:2007 gives guidelines for the production, control, storage and shipment of cosmetic products. These guidelines cover the quality aspects of the product, but as a whole do not cover safety aspects for the personnel engaged in the plant, nor do they cover aspects of protection of the environment.
ISO 13485:2016 specifies requirements for a quality management system where an organization needs to demonstrate its ability to provide medical devices and related services that consistently meet customer and applicable regulatory requirements.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 125
LO 3, AC 3.1
A
Explanation:
ISO 9001:2015 specifies requirements for a quality management system.
ISO 14001:2015 specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an or-ganization can use to enhance its environmental performance. ISO 14001:2015 is intended for use by an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability.
ISO 22716:2007 gives guidelines for the production, control, storage and shipment of cosmetic products. These guidelines cover the quality aspects of the product, but as a whole do not cover safety aspects for the personnel engaged in the plant, nor do they cover aspects of protection of the environment.
ISO 13485:2016 specifies requirements for a quality management system where an organization needs to demonstrate its ability to provide medical devices and related services that consistently meet customer and applicable regulatory requirements.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 125
LO 3, AC 3.1
Question #78
A drawing is an example of…?
- A . Statements of work
- B . Technical specifications
- C . Output specifications
- D . Outcome specifications
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
A technical specification details the standards that a product or service must meet. Drawings (often called engineering drawings or technical drawings) are complementary to technical specifications
Reference: CIPS study guide page 116-117
LO 3, AC 3.1
B
Explanation:
A technical specification details the standards that a product or service must meet. Drawings (often called engineering drawings or technical drawings) are complementary to technical specifications
Reference: CIPS study guide page 116-117
LO 3, AC 3.1
Question #79
Which of the following areas is specified by ISO/IEC 27001 family?
- A . The dimensions and associated tolerances for a series of housings for piston seals
- B . The requirements for an information security management system
- C . Evaluation and assessment of mutual agreed customer food safety requirements
- D . The requirements for an environmental management system
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
ISO/IEC 27001 is widely known, providing requirements for an information security management system (ISMS), though there are more than a dozen standards in the ISO/IEC 27000 family. Using them enables organizations of any kind to manage the security of assets such as financial infor-mation, intellectual property, employee details or information entrusted by third parties.
LO 3, AC 3.1
B
Explanation:
ISO/IEC 27001 is widely known, providing requirements for an information security management system (ISMS), though there are more than a dozen standards in the ISO/IEC 27000 family. Using them enables organizations of any kind to manage the security of assets such as financial infor-mation, intellectual property, employee details or information entrusted by third parties.
LO 3, AC 3.1