Privacy enhancing tools aim to allow users to take one or more of the following actions related to their personal data that is sent to, and used by online service providers, merchants or other users:
I) Increase control over their personal data
II) Choose whether to use services anonymously or not
III) Obtain informed consent about sharing their personal data IV) Opt-out of behavioral advertising or any other use of data
- A . Only I
- B . Only I and II
- C . I, II, III and IV
- D . Only II
CORRECT TEXT
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RCI and PCM
Given its global operations, the company is exposed to multiple regulations (privacy related) across the globe and needs to comply mostly through contracts for client relationships and directly for business functions. The corporate legal team is responsible for managing the contracts and understanding, interpreting and translating the legal requirements. There is no formal tracking of regulations done. The knowledge about regulations mainly comes through interaction with the client team. In most of the contracts, the clients have simply referred to the applicable legislations without going any further in terms of their applicability and impact on the company. Since business expansion is the priority, the contracts have been signed by the company without fully understanding their applicability and impact. Incidentally, when the privacy initiatives were being rolled out, a major data breach occurred at one of the healthcare clients located in the US. The US state data protection legislation required the client to notify the data breach. During investigations, it emerged that the data breach happened because of some vulnerability in the system owned by the client but managed by the company and the breach actually happened 5 months back and came to notice now. The system was used to maintain medical records of the patients. This vulnerability had been earlier identified by a third party vulnerability assessment of the system and the closure of vulnerability was assigned to the company. The company had made the requisite changes and informed the client. The lient, however, was of the view that the changes were actually not made by the company and they therefore violated the terms of contract which stated that C “the company shall deploy appropriate organizational and technology measures for protection of personal information in compliance with the XX state data protection legislation.” The company could not produce necessary evidences to prove that the configuration changes were actually made by it (including when these were made).
(Note: Candidates are requested to make and state assumptions wherever appropriate to reach a definitive conclusion)
Introduction and Background
XYZ is a major India based IT and Business Process Management (BPM) service provider listed at BSE and NSE. It has more than 1.5 lakh employees operating in 100 offices across 30 countries. It serves more than 500 clients across industry verticals ― BFSI, Retail, Government, Healthcare, Telecom among others in Americas, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa. The company provides IT services including application development and maintenance, IT Infrastructure management, consulting, among others. It also offers IT products mainly for its BFSI customers.
The company is witnessing phenomenal growth in the BPM services over last few years including Finance & Accounting including credit card processing, Payroll processing, Customer support, Legal Process Outsourcing, among others and has rolled out platform based services. Most of the company’s revenue comes from the US from the BFSI sector. In order to diversify its portfolio, the company is looking to expand its operations in Europe. India, too has attracted company’s attention given the phenomenal increase in domestic IT spend esp. by the government through various large scale IT projects. The company is also very aggressive in the cloud and mobility space, with a strong focus on delivery of cloud services. When it comes to expanding operations in Europe, company is facing difficulties in realizing the full potential of the market because of privacy related concerns of the clients arising from the stringent regulatory requirements based on EU General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR).
To get better access to this market, the company decided to invest in privacy, so that it is able to provide increased assurance to potential clients in the EU and this will also benefit its US operations because privacy concerns are also on rise in the US. It will also help company leverage outsourcing opportunities in the Healthcare sector in the US which would involve protection of sensitive medical records of the US citizens. The company believes that privacy will also be a key differentiator in the cloud business going forward. In short, privacy was taken up as a strategic initiative in the company in early 2011.
Since XYZ had an internal consulting arm, it assigned the responsibility of designing and implementing an enterprise wide privacy program to the consulting arm. The consulting arm had very good expertise in information security consulting but had limited expertise in the privacy domain. The project was to be driven by CIO’s office, in close consultation with the Corporate Information Security and Legal functions.
What should be the learning for the company going forward? What should the consultants suggest? (250 to 500 words)
To begin with, the program should involve an assessment of all existing processes and procedures that are related to personal data processing in order to identify potential areas of risk. The potential risks along with recommended mitigating controls should then be documented in a Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA) report. This will enable the organization to assess its compliance level against applicable regulations.
It is also important for XYZ to have strong Data Governance policies & procedures along with appropriate organizational structures and accountability mechanisms in place. This will include a Data Privacy Officer (DPO) who is responsible for overseeing the compliance program and being the point of contact for data protection supervisory authorities. The DPO should be part of the management team and report to the CIO’s office as well as senior-level executives.
A consultant should also recommend data minimization, pseudonymization, encryption, and other security measures to protect personal information. In addition, they can recommend regular privacy awareness training sessions for employees, so that they are up-to-date on changes in regulations and understand how their role impacts data privacy and security. Lastly, all systems & processes should be monitored & audited to ensure compliance with relevant regulations.
As a result, consultants should provide clients in the EU and US with an integrated & comprehensive privacy program that provides the necessary assurances and protects sensitive data from unauthorized access or misuse. By leveraging outsourcing opportunities in the healthcare sector in the US, XYZ could potentially gain competitive advantage.
Classify the following scenario as major or minor non-conformity.
“The organization has a very mature information security policy. Lately, the organization has realized the need to focus on protection of PI. A formal PI identification exercise was done for this purpose and a mapping of PI and security controls was done. The organization has also put in place data masking technology in certain functions where the SPI was accessed by employees of a third party. However, the organization is yet to include PI specifically in its risk assessment exercise, incident management, testing, data classification and security architecture programs.”
- A . Major
- B . Minor
- C . Both Major & Minor
- D . None of the above
CORRECT TEXT
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PIS
The company has a well-defined and effectively implemented security policy. As in case of access control, the security controls vary in different client relationships based on the client requirements but certain basic or hygiene security practices / controls are implemented organization wide. The consultants have advised the information security function to realign the company’s security policy, risk assessment, data classification, etc to include privacy aspects. But the consultants are struggling to make information security function understand what exact changes need to be made and the security function itself is unable to figure it out.
(Note: Candidates are requested to make and state assumptions wherever appropriate to reach a definitive conclusion)
Introduction and Background
XYZ is a major India based IT and Business Process Management (BPM) service provider listed at BSE and NSE. It has more than 1.5 lakh employees operating in 100 offices across 30 countries. It serves more than 500 clients across industry verticals ― BFSI, Retail, Government, Healthcare, Telecom among others in Americas, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa. The company provides IT services including application development and maintenance, IT Infrastructure management, consulting, among others. It also offers IT products mainly for its BFSI customers.
The company is witnessing phenomenal growth in the BPM services over last few years including Finance & Accounting including credit card processing, Payroll processing, Customer support, Legal Process Outsourcing, among others and has rolled out platform based services. Most of the company’s revenue comes from the US from the BFSI sector. In order to diversify its portfolio, the company is looking to expand its operations in Europe.
India, too has attracted company’s attention given the phenomenal increase in domestic IT spend esp. by the government through various large scale IT projects. The company is also very aggressive in the cloud and mobility space, with a strong focus on delivery of cloud services. When it comes to expanding operations in Europe, company is facing difficulties in realizing the full potential of the market because of privacy related concerns of the clients arising from the stringent regulatory requirements based on EU General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR).
To get better access to this market, the company decided to invest in privacy, so that it is able to provide increased assurance to potential clients in the EU and this will also benefit its US operations because privacy concerns are also on rise in the US. It will also help company leverage outsourcing opportunities in the Healthcare sector in the US which would involve protection of sensitive medical records of the US citizens. The company believes that privacy will also be a key differentiator in the cloud business going forward. In short, privacy was taken up as a strategic initiative in the company in early 2011.
Since XYZ had an internal consulting arm, it assigned the responsibility of designing and implementing an enterprise wide privacy program to the consulting arm. The consulting arm had very good expertise in information security consulting but had limited expertise in the privacy domain. The project was to be driven by CIO’s office, in close consultation with the Corporate Information Security and Legal functions.
Can you please guide the information security function to realign company’s security initiatives to include privacy protection, keeping in mind that the client security requirements would vary across relationships? (250 to 500 words)
The Information Security team should also identify the most important risks associated with data privacy in order to determine what additional measures need to be taken in order to protect sensitive data from misuse or loss. The team should then assess the appropriate risk management and privacy controls to ensure that the data is being managed in a secure manner. This could include encryption of sensitive data, access control measures such as role-based permissions, and regular reviews of user access rights to ensure proper security protocols are being followed.
In addition, XYZ should create an internal privacy policy which outlines its commitment to protecting the privacy of customers and employees. The policy should be reviewed periodically to ensure it meets changing regulatory requirements and industry standards. The policy must also be communicated to all staff members so they know what their responsibilities are with regards to protecting personal data.
Finally, XYZ should have a robust incident response plan in place for when breaches or unauthorized access occur. This should cover procedures for detecting, investigating, and responding to potential data breaches. It should also include measures to prevent future incidents and ensure that customer data is protected going forward.
By taking these measures, XYZ will be able to meet its client’s security requirements while also demonstrating its commitment to protecting the privacy of their customers. This can help build trust with existing clients as well as new ones, making it easier for them to do business with the company. In addition, a comprehensive privacy protection program can help protect XYZ from costly legal or regulatory penalties in case of a data breach. Therefore, it is crucial for XYZ to invest in robust privacy protection initiatives in order to realize the full potential of the market.
The concept of data adequacy is based on the principle of _________.
- A . Adequate compliance
- B . Dissimilarity of legislations
- C . Essential equivalence
- D . Essential assessment
What is the maximum compensation that can be imposed on an organization for negligence in implementing reasonable security practices as defined in Section 43A of ITAA, 2008?
- A . Uncapped compensation
- B . 5 crores
- C . 15 crores or 4% of the global turnover
- D . 5 lakhs
How are privacy and data protection related to each other?
- A . Data protection is a subset of privacy.
- B . Privacy is a subset of data protection.
- C . The terms ‘privacy’ and ‘data protection’ are interchangeable.
- D . They are unrelated.
Which of the following statements is true with respect to organization’s privacy training and awareness program?
- A . It should define roles and responsibilities of personnel in privacy function
- B . It should cover employees of service provider dealing with personal information
- C . It should necessarily cover officials from Law Enforcement Agencies that request lawful access to personal information
- D . None of the above
Its mandatory for the assessee to provide the pre-requisites to the assessor organization before commencement of the first phase of assessment.
- A . True
- B . False
What is a Data Subject? (Choose all that apply.)
- A . An individual who provides his/her data/information for availing any service
- B . An individual who processes the data/information of individuals for providing necessary services
- C . An individual whose data/information is processed
- D . A company providing PI of its employees for processing
- E . An individual who collects data from illegitimate sources
CORRECT TEXT
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VPI
As a starting point, the consultants undertook a visibility exercise to understand the type of personal information (PI) being dealt with within the organization and also by third parties and the scope was to cover all the client relationships (IT services and BPM both) and functions. They met with the client relationship and business function owners to collect this data. The consultants did a mapping exercise to identify PI and associated attributes including whether company directly collects the PI, how it is accessed, transmitted, stored and what are the applicable regulatory and contractual requirements. Given the enormous scale of the exercise (enterprise wide), the consultant classified the PI as financial information, health related information, personally identifiable information, etc. and collected the rest of the attributes against this classification. When understanding the underlying technology environment, the consultants restricted themselves only to the technology environment that was under company’s ownership and premises and did not continue the exercise for client side environment. This was done because relationship owners seemed reluctant to share such client specific details. Only in 2 relationships, were the relationship heads proactive to introduce the consultants to the clients and get the requisite information. The analysis of the environment in these 2 relationships revealed that even though lots of restrictions were imposed at the company side, the same restrictions were not available at the client side.
Many business functions were also availing services from third party service providers. Though these functions were aware of the type of PI dealt by third parties, they were not aware of the technology environment at the third parties. In one odd case, personal information of a company employee was accidentally leaked by the employee of the third party through the social networking site. The consultants relied on whatever information was provided by the functions w.r.t. third parties. After finishing the data collection, the consultant used the information to create information flow maps highlighting the flow of information across systems deployed at the company premises. This work helped them have a high level view of PI dealt by the company. The data collection exercise has been conducted only once by the consultants. The visibility exercise empowered the management to have a company-wide view of PI and how it flows across the organization. This information was coupled with the security controls / practices deployed at the relationship or function level to derive the risk posture of the PI.
(Note: Candidates are requested to make and state assumptions wherever appropriate to reach a definitive conclusion)
Introduction and Background
XYZ is a major India based IT and Business Process Management (BPM) service provider listed at BSE and NSE. It has more than 1.5 lakh employees operating in 100 offices across 30 countries. It serves more than 500 clients across industry verticals ― BFSI, Retail, Government, Healthcare, Telecom among others in Americas, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa. The company provides IT services including application development and maintenance, IT Infrastructure management, consulting, among others. It also offers IT products mainly for its BFSI customers.
The company is witnessing phenomenal growth in the BPM services over last few years including Finance & Accounting including credit card processing, Payroll processing, Customer support, Legal Process Outsourcing, among others and has rolled out platform based services. Most of the company’s revenue comes from the US from the BFSI sector. In order to diversify its portfolio, the company is looking to expand its operations in Europe. India, too has attracted company’s attention given the phenomenal increase in domestic IT spend esp. by the government through various large scale IT projects.
The company is also very aggressive in the cloud and mobility space, with a strong focus on delivery of cloud services. When it comes to expanding operations in Europe, company is facing difficulties in realizing the full potential of the market because of privacy related concerns of the clients arising from the stringent regulatory requirements based on EU General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR).
To get better access to this market, the company decided to invest in privacy, so that it is able to provide increased assurance to potential clients in the EU and this will also benefit its US operations because privacy concerns are also on rise in the US. It will also help company leverage outsourcing opportunities in the Healthcare sector in the US which would involve protection of sensitive medical records of the US citizens. The company believes that privacy will also be a key differentiator in the cloud business going forward. In short, privacy was taken up as a strategic initiative in the company in early 2011.
Since XYZ had an internal consulting arm, it assigned the responsibility of designing and implementing an enterprise wide privacy program to the consulting arm. The consulting arm had very good expertise in information security consulting but had limited expertise in the privacy domain. The project was to be driven by CIO’s office, in close consultation with the Corporate Information Security and Legal functions.
Was the visibility exercise adequately carried out? What gaps did you notice? (250 to 500
words)
Firstly, though the visibility exercise covered all channels through which PI would flow in and out of an organization – like email accounts, websites and physical storage locations etc., it did not cover every element of PI such as Social Security numbers and financial data. Moreover, there was no comprehensive assessment on the technical feasibility and costs associated with implementing additional measures for protecting this information. This could have been done in order to ensure that any new systems or processes introduced met the technical requirements of GDPR.
Additionally, there were certain gaps in terms of external service providers who are also responsible for ensuring compliance with GDPR while processing/storing personal data on behalf of XYZ. Though XYZ had ensured that all its existing contracts contained provisions regarding compliance with legal requirements related to privacy and confidentiality, it did not carry out any due diligence exercise to ascertain whether these third-party service providers had adequate security practices in place to comply with GDPR regulations. Lastly, the visibility exercise did not cover all the legal obligations of XYZ in terms of compliance with GDPR. For instance, it did not consider any potential liabilities arising from data breaches and the process for dealing with such eventualities. Nor was any process put in place to ensure that appropriate technical and organizational measures were taken to protect PI as required by GDPR.
Thus though the visibility exercise carried out by XYZ consultants seemed adequate at first glance, there were several gaps identified in terms of meeting EU’s GDPR requirements. These gaps could have been addressed through a more comprehensive assessment and must be taken care of if XYZ has to realize its full potential in Europe. As GDPR is now firmly in place across the continent, companies cannot ignore its regulations and must take necessary action to ensure compliance.
This includes making sure that every element of PI is taken into consideration while designing an enterprise-wide privacy program, due diligence with regards to external service providers who process/store data on behalf of XYZ, and establishing a comprehensive legal framework for dealing with any potential liabilities arising from data breaches. In short, if XYZ does not address these gaps effectively, it may find itself in a vulnerable position in terms of protecting personal information as required by applicable laws. It will also be at risk of facing significant fines or other penalties.
Classify the following scenario as major or minor non-conformity.
“The organization is aware of the PI dealt by it at a broad level based on the business services provided but does not have the detailed view of which business functions, processes or relationships deal with what types of PI including usage, access, transmission, storage, etc.”
- A . Major
- B . Minor
- C . Both Major & Minor
- D . None of the above
As a newly appointed Data Protection officer of an IT company gearing up for DSCI’s privacy certification, you are trying to understand what data elements are involved in each of the business process, function and if these data elements can be classified as sensitive personal information.
What is being accomplished with this effort?
- A . Organization to get “Visibility” over its exposure to sensitive personal information
- B . It is a part of the annual exercise per the organization’s privacy policy / processes
- C . Information security controls for confidential information being reviewed
- D . Gathering inputs to restructure privacy function
Which of the following are the key factors that need to be considered for determining the applicability of the privacy principles? (Choose all that apply.)
- A . The role of the organization in determining the purpose of the data collection
- B . How and where the data is coming in the organization
- C . Requirements stipulated by the local authorities from where the organization operating
- D . Organization’s commitment to the external stakeholder with respect to privacy
‘Map the legal and compliance requirements to each data element that an organization is dealing with in all of its business processes, enterprise and operational functions, and client relationships.’
This an imperative of which DPF practice area?
- A . Visibility over Personal Information (VPI)
- B . Privacy Organization and Relationship (POR)
- C . Regulatory Compliance Intelligence (RCI)
- D . Privacy Policy and Processes (PPP)
Arrange the following techniques in decreasing order of the risk of re-identification:
I) Pseudonymization
II) De-identification
III) Anonymization
- A . I, II
- B . III, II, I
- C . II, III, I
- D . All have equal risk of re-identification
XYZ bank has recently decided to start offering online banking services. For doing so, the bank has outsourced its IT operations and processes to various third parties. Acknowledging privacy concerns, bank has decided to implement a privacy program.
Assuming you have been tasked to deploy this framework for the bank, which of the following would most likely be your first step?
- A . Create an inventory of business processes that deal with personal information and identify the associated data element
- B . Ensure that bank is equipped to test the relevance of each legal and compliance requirement in its environment
- C . Assign privacy roles and responsibilities for process owners
- D . None of the above
Which of the following are classified as Sensitive Personal Data or Information under Section 43A of ITAA, 2008? (Choose all that apply.)
- A . Password
- B . Financial information
- C . Sexual orientation
- D . Caste and religious beliefs
- E . Biometric information
- F . Medical records and history
A newly appointed Data Protection officer is reviewing the organization’s existing privacy policy.
Which of the following would be the most critical factor for the review process?
- A . Awareness of the business units about the privacy policy
- B . Changes in the legal/regulatory regime
- C . Privacy policies of industry peers
- D . Foreseeable challenges in the effective implementation of the policy
What are the two phases of DSCI Privacy Third Party Assessment?
- A . Initial and Detailed
- B . Primary and Secondary
- C . Initial and Final
- D . None of the above
Which of the following does the ‘Privacy Strategy & Processes’ layer in the DPF help accomplish? (Choose all that apply.)
- A . Visibility over Personal Information
- B . Privacy Policy and Processes
- C . Regulatory Compliance Intelligence
- D . Information Usage and Access
- E . Personal Information Security
In the landmark case _______________ the Honourable Supreme Court of India reaffirmed the status of Right to Privacy as a Fundamental Right under Part III of the constitution.
- A . M. P. Sharma and others vs. Satish Chandra, District Magistrate, Delhi, and others
- B . Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India
- C . Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) and Anr. vs. Union of India And Ors
- D . Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation
Create an inventory of the specific contractual terms that explicitly mention the data protection requirements.
This an imperative of which DPF practice area?
- A . Visibility over Personal Information (VPI)
- B . Information Usage and Access (IUA)
- C . Privacy Contract Management (PCM)
- D . Regulatory Compliance Intelligence (RCI)
The assessor organization can issue the DSCI certification to the assessee organization if it is satisfied with the assessment outcome.
- A . True
- B . False
CORRECT TEXT
FILL BLANK
MIM
The company has a well-defined and tested Information security monitoring and incident management process in place. The process has been in place since last 10 years and has matured significantly over a period of time. There is a Security Operations Centre (SOC) to detect security incidents based on well-defined business rules.
The security incident management is based on ISO 27001 and defines incident types, alert levels, roles and responsibilities, escalation matrix, among others. The consultants advised company to realign the existing monitoring and incident management to cater to privacy requirements. The company consultants sought help of external privacy expert in this regard.
(Note: Candidates are requested to make and state assumptions wherever appropriate to reach a definitive conclusion)
Introduction and Background
XYZ is a major India based IT and Business Process Management (BPM) service provider listed at BSE and NSE. It has more than 1.5 lakh employees operating in 100 offices across 30 countries. It serves more than 500 clients across industry verticals ― BFSI, Retail, Government, Healthcare, Telecom among others in Americas, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa. The company provides IT services including application development and maintenance, IT Infrastructure management, consulting, among others. It also offers IT products mainly for its BFSI customers.
The company is witnessing phenomenal growth in the BPM services over last few years including Finance & Accounting including credit card processing, Payroll processing, Customer support, Legal Process Outsourcing, among others and has rolled out platform based services. Most of the company’s revenue comes from the US from the BFSI sector. In order to diversify its portfolio, the company is looking to expand its operations in Europe. India, too has attracted company’s attention given the phenomenal increase in domestic IT spend esp. by the government through various large scale IT projects. The company is also very aggressive in the cloud and mobility space, with a strong focus on delivery of cloud services. When it comes to expanding operations in Europe, company is facing difficulties in realizing the full potential of the market because of privacy related concerns of the clients arising from the stringent regulatory requirements based on EU General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR).
To get better access to this market, the company decided to invest in privacy, so that it is able to provide increased assurance to potential clients in the EU and this will also benefit its US operations because privacy concerns are also on rise in the US. It will also help company leverage outsourcing opportunities in the Healthcare sector in the US which would involve protection of sensitive medical records of the US citizens. The company believes that privacy will also be a key differentiator in the cloud business going forward. In short, privacy was taken up as a strategic initiative in the company in early 2011.
Since XYZ had an internal consulting arm, it assigned the responsibility of designing and implementing an enterprise wide privacy program to the consulting arm. The consulting arm had very good expertise in information security consulting but had limited expertise in the privacy domain. The project was to be driven by CIO’s office, in close consultation with the Corporate Information Security and Legal functions.
If you were the privacy expert advising the company, what steps would you suggest to realign the existing security monitoring and incident management to address privacy requirements especially those specific to client relationships? (250 to 500 words)
Once the initial assessment has been completed, I would recommend that XYZ take steps to ensure that its processes align with applicable laws and regulations regarding data protection, such as EU GDPR. For example, they should update their policies around data collection and storage so that they comply with GDPR’s requirements on consent and purpose limitation. Additionally, XYZ should ensure that their systems are secure and only authorized personnel can access the data.
Also I would suggest that XYZ develop a comprehensive incident response plan, indicating how they will address any data breaches or other privacy incidents. The plan should include steps for notification to affected individuals or organizations, containment of the incident, investigations into its cause and scope, and remediation efforts to prevent similar incidents in the future.
Lastly I would recommend that XYZ review their client contracts to ensure that they clearly describe the company’s commitments regarding data protection and security measures. This could include GDPR-compliant language on consent forms as well as clauses committing to regularly audit and update processes as necessary. These contractual terms will help protect both XYZ and their clients in the event of a privacy breach.
In conclusion, implementing these steps will help XYZ establish an effective privacy program that meets all applicable legal requirements, protects their clients’ data, and provides them with a competitive edge in the market. Additionally, it will ensure that they remain compliant and have appropriate measures in place to address any potential issues. By taking these proactive measures now, XYZ can ensure that they continue to successfully operate in both the EU and US markets while protecting the privacy of its customers.