A behavior analyst is adhering to which underlying assumption of behavior analysis when she conducts several tests of her treatment before she writes it in a formal behavior program?
- A . Determinism
- B . Law of parsimony
- C . Empiricism
- D . None of the above
Providing a complete description of one’s procedures in a behavior analytic study of classroom management techniques is adhering to which dimensions of behavior analysis?
- A . Conceptually systematic
- B . Applied
- C . Technological
- D . Analytic
Describing behavior program procedures in terms of the basic principles of behavior is adhering to which dimension of behavior analysis?
- A . Conceptually systematic
- B . Applied
- C . Technological
- D . Analytic
When asked why a certain behavior happened, the behavior analyst states that the behavior “came out of nowhere.”
If the behavior analyst meant what he said, he is violating the assumption of __________________.
- A . Philosophical doubt
- B . Determinism
- C . Technological
- D . Being conceptually systematic
Which of the following is NOT a dimension of applied behavior analysis?
- A . Effective
- B . Technological
- C . Applied
- D . Empirical
D
Explanation:
Reference: http://www.baam.emich.edu/baammiscpages/baamsevendimensions.htm
A behavior analyst is measuring the time it takes for a client to say, “You’re welcome” after the staff says, “Thank you.” The behavior analyst is measuring __________________.
- A . Frequency
- B . Duration
- C . Inter-response time
- D . Latency
Which measure would probably be the best measure for crying?
- A . Frequency
- B . Duration
- C . Percentage
- D . Latency
If a behavior analyst states, “It took four attempts, but Johnny completed the puzzle,” she is using which measure?
- A . Whole interval
- B . Percent of occurrence
- C . Trials to criterion
- D . Frequency
Jody had an access-maintained tantrum for 14 minutes and it started 3 seconds after she was told, “No.” It had been 2 days since the previous tantrum.
The latency is:
- A . Unknown
- B . 2 days
- C . 14 minutes
- D . 3 seconds
Manipulating a students chair in a classroom setting to avoid distraction fro the window is an example of a manipulation of a
- A . Context variable
- B . Antecedent variable
- C . Confounding variable
- D . Ecological variable
The number of time intervals in a specific period of time during which a response occurs continuously for an entire interval is which measure?
- A . Partial-interval recording
- B . Whole-interval recording
- C . Momentary time sampling
- D . Percentage of occurrence
In behavior analysis, the __________________ is usually __________________.
- A . Independent variable; a measure of behavior
- B . Dependent variable; a measure of behavior
- C . Baseline measure; unrelated to the behavior
- D . Independent variable; implemented before the baseline measure
An experimenter examines the effects of three types of prompts on compliance in a developmentally disabled person.
In this experiment, what is the independent variable?
- A . The location of the environment
- B . The three types of prompts
- C . The level of compliance
- D . The diagnosis of the individual
An experimenter examines the level of noise in a school bus full of children under the following conditions: baseline, rock music, baseline, classical music.
In this experiment, the dependent variable is:
- A . Time
- B . The number of children on the bus
- C . The level of noise
- D . The type of music
A person is asked to make his bed. His caregiver checks 30 minutes later and the bed was made. No one else was present during that time. The caregiver records that the client made his bed even though he did not observe the behavior directly.
The data collection method used is:
- A . Duration recording
- B . Whole-interval recording
- C . Latency recording
- D . Permanent product recording
Talking out in class results in a child losing a star on his star chart. The loss of a star appears to be an attempt to implement a(n) __________________ procedure.
- A . Response cost
- B . Negative reinforcement
- C . Aversion therapy
- D . Errorless learning
A DRI schedule designed to decrease the frequency of running around class and tapping other children on the head involves:
- A . Arranging for the child to earn a reinforcer in the absence of these behaviors
- B . Providing a reinforcer contingent on being on task and sitting quietly in his seat
- C . Changing the seating arrangement of the class
- D . Ensuring the child had breakfast that morning
Gradually transferring stimulus control from prompts to other discriminative stimuli is a process called __________________.
- A . Shaping
- B . Modeling
- C . Maintenance
- D . Fading
Requiring a student who disrupts the class by throwing papers and tipping over chairs to clean the mess up and then clean the rest of the room by sweeping and cleaning desktops is a(n) __________________ procedure.
- A . Negative reinforcement
- B . Negative punishment
- C . Positive punishment
- D . Extinction
The specific, or technical, name for the type of procedure used in the above question is:
- A . Restitution
- B . Stimulus shaping
- C . Over-correction
- D . Corporal punishment
Teaching a child to match printed words to pictures, then pictures to the actual objects, and then testing to determine if the child can now match printed words to the actual objects is known as:
- A . PECS
- B . Discrete trial training
- C . Verbal behavior training
- D . Stimulus equivalence
Placing a request that a child is least likely to perform at the end of a series of requests that the child is most likely to perform is a phenomenon known as:
- A . The Premack principle
- B . High-probability request sequence
- C . Errorless learning
- D . Mediated transfer
The purpose of conducting a functional assessment is to:
- A . Complete a functional analysis
- B . Manipulate variables that affect behavior
- C . Obtain information from which to create a hypothesis statement
- D . Determine how effective a treatment intervention is
Which is the best definition of a behavior function?
- A . What the teacher believes the reinforcer should be for the child
- B . How the behavior controls antecedents
- C . How the child feels concerning his or her own behavior
- D . The reinforcers that maintain a behavior
Alternative appropriate behaviors that serve the same function for an individual:
- A . Always involve skills the individual already possesses
- B . Produces the same reinforcer for the individual
- C . Have the same topography as the problem behavior
- D . Always requires the same amount of response effort as the problem behavior
A __________________ is derived from a descriptive analysis.
- A . Hypothesis
- B . Statement of causation
- C . Data-driven conclusion
- D . Hypotenuse
When an observer notes everything the client does or says as well as events before and after the episode of behavior, he or she is using:
- A . Duration recording
- B . Permanent product recording
- C . ABC recording
- D . Time sampling
A good behavior analyst always does what before authoring a behavior intervention?
- A . Functional analysis
- B . Momentary time sampling
- C . Direct observation
- D . Implements the least aversive, most effective punisher
What are the three elements of informed consent?
- A . No coercion, approval, voluntariness
- B . Capacity, age, voluntariness
- C . Informed, age, voluntariness
- D . Capacity, informed, voluntariness
Behavior analytic interventions that are effective in changing an individual’s behavior in a socially important way are said to have:
- A . Parsimony
- B . Social validity
- C . Primary importance
- D . Interobserver reliability
Which of the following would not be a type of function of behavior identified during a functional assessment?
- A . Attention
- B . Escape
- C . Frustration
- D . Access to tangibles
Results of a functional assessment reveal that a child engages in hand-biting when she is in a room by herself.
The likely function of behavior is:
- A . Attention
- B . Access to tangibles
- C . Escape/avoidance
- D . Automatic reinforcement
You are working with a child on teaching swimming. You teach the child to do the front crawl. After a few weeks of teaching, the child is doing both the front crawl and also starts doing the breast stroke.
What has occurred?
- A . Stimulus generalization
- B . Response generalization
- C . Failure to generalize
- D . Maintenance
What if you teach the child to swim in a pool and the child goes to the beach and can do the front crawl in the ocean?
- A . Stimulus generalization
- B . Response generalization
- C . Failure to generalize
- D . Natural contingencies
In reference to maintenance, functional arrangements between behavior and antecedent and consequence events that occur in the environment in which the behavior of interest is to be maintained are called:
- A . Stimulus discriminates
- B . Natural contingencies
- C . Generalization
- D . Maintenance schedules
A child who learns to say “red” when presented with a red card, also says “red” when presented with an orange card. This is called:
- A . Stimulus generalization
- B . Response generalization
- C . Discrimination
- D . Failure to generalize
Which schedule of reinforcement is most effective at maintaining behaviors?
- A . Continuous reinforcement
- B . Intermittent reinforcement
- C . Extinction
- D . Ratio
You are teaching David to clean the workshop to prepare him for working on the cleaning crew. Read the descriptions below and identify which is LEAST likely to promote generalization of the workshop cleaning skills to real-life cleaning jobs.
- A . Make the workshop as much like a real cleaning situation as possible
- B . Transition to variable, delayed reinforcement
- C . Teach David to use a checklist, which could be used on the cleaning crew
- D . Make the workshop distinctive from the cleaning crew and then gradually make it more like it
You are working with a client who finds physical touch to be aversive. When the person is off task, the program calls for you to give a warning by counting to 10; at that point, you gently touch him if he is not back on task. The touch remains until he returns to task. Please note that being touched is aversive for this particular individual.
If the person gets back on task during counting, this is an example of:
- A . Escape
- B . Avoidance
- C . Positive reinforcement
- D . Stimulus fading
If the person gets back on task when he is touched, this is an example of:
- A . Escape
- B . Avoidance
- C . Positive reinforcement
- D . Stimulus fading
Staff alerts you that one of their clients seems to become aggressive when he has not consumed food for several hours.
This phenomenon demonstrates the effect of a(n):
- A . Discriminative stimulus
- B . Conditioned stimulus
- C . Establishing operation
- D . Negative reinforcer
A child is exhibiting tantrum behaviors. You believe the tantrum is occurring for your attention. You therefore ignore the tantrum until it ceases while continuing daily activities. You note that the tantrums decrease over time.
This is an example of:
- A . Positive punishment
- B . Establishing operations
- C . Time-out
- D . Extinction
Tokens are generally referred to as:
- A . Conditioned reinforcers
- B . Generalized conditioned reinforcers
- C . Negative reinforcers
- D . SDs
In self-control, where does the ultimate control lie? (Or, why is self-control a misnomer?)
- A . With the self
- B . The choice of the person
- C . In the environment
- D . With a contract manager
Select the best staff training package:
- A . Staff are given a book on behavior analysis and asked to read it; comprehension tests are given after each chapter
- B . Staff are given explanation of the procedures, then a weekly feedback system is implemented to sharpen their skills
- C . Explanations of each procedure are given to the staff, then the supervisor demonstrates the procedures; staff are given opportunities to practice the skills with feedback from supervisors
- D . The supervisor conducts role playing sessions with the staff with weekly feedback provided for performance
You are designing a treatment program for Susan. Before getting into details, you wish to identify some ultimate outcomes towards which Susan will progress.
Which of the following is NOT an appropriate ultimate outcome for Susan?
- A . The variety and diversity of events in Susan’s life
- B . Susan’s access to reinforcers in the community
- C . The range of interpersonal interactions with others
- D . The convenience of staff with whom Susan works
Non-contingent reinforcement is this type of intervention:
- A . Antecedent intervention
- B . Consequent intervention
- C . Punishment strategy
- D . Behavioral momentum intervention
A teacher uses a group contingency with her students. She states the following rule: “If everyone gets 100% on their spelling test the week, I will turn cartwheels down the hall for you.”
What type of group contingency is this?
- A . This is not a group contingency
- B . Independent group contingency
- C . Interdependent group contingency
- D . Dependent group contingency
A teacher says: “Everyone, you have math homework tonight. Tomorrow, I will draw a name from a hat. If that person has completed his or her homework and remembered to bring it back to school, everyone will get extra recess.”
What type of group contingency is this?
- A . This is not a group contingency
- B . Independent group contingency
- C . Interdependent group contingency
- D . Dependent group contingency
Self-management is best defined as the:
- A . Personal application of behavior change tactics that produces a desired change in behavior
- B . Personal application of behavior change tactics that produces an increase in a desired behavior
- C . Personal application of behavior change tactics that produces an decrease in a desired behavior
- D . Application of behavior change tactics that causes changes to a particular behavior
A study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of time-out for physical aggression.
The time-out procedure would be considered the:
- A . baseline measure.
- B . dependent variable.
- C . independent variable.
- D . response measure.
When conducting an analogue functional analysis, the condition commonly used as a control is the:
- A . home condition.
- B . play condition.
- C . social attention condition.
- D . demand condition.
Which method is the BEST to use when presenting categorical data from a functional analysis?
- A . a bar graph
- B . anecdotal report
- C . scatter plot
- D . standard celeration chart
What is the next step in the assessment process if data from the functional analysis do NOT support the original hypothesis?
- A . Base the intervention on the original hypothesis and re-assess after a time lapse.
- B . Design a package intervention to address all possible functions of the behavior.
- C . Continue to conduct the functional assessment until the data coincides with the original hypothesis.
- D . Alter the hypothesis regarding the maintaining variable of the behavior based on the results of the functional assessment.
When developing a task analysis, a behavior analyst would first:
- A . assess the mastery level of the individual.
- B . conduct a functional assessment of the target skills.
- C . determine the necessary component steps.
- D . observe the individual to collect baseline data.
In general, when a behavior analyst is asked to help someone make friends, the behavior analyst should:
- A . avoid interfering in interpersonal relationships.
- B . refer the person to a counselor, social worker, or other professional.
- C . evaluate the current social repertoire.
- D . set up a social skills training program.
Holly is learning to use a spoon to feed herself. Applesauce is known to function as a reinforcer. Her teacher has selected the following objective for Holly: "Given a spoon and a 3-ounce dish of applesauce, Holly will independently scoop the applesauce to her mouth." This objective is incomplete.
Which component is missing?
- A . antecedent stimulus
- B . consequence condition
- C . prerequisite skill criteria
- D . standard of performance
Speed, magnitude, durability and generality of effect are some of the MOST important
- A . dimensions of behavior that lend themselves to quantification more readily than others.
- B . variables that are overlooked by other social sciences in solving problems.
- C . variables to consider when selecting reinforcers and punishers.
- D . components of treatment packages used in treating the most severe behavior problems.
Jim’s teacher has taught him to say, "Hello, how are you?" and when he does this, she delivers praise. Now Jim says this whenever he meets anyone, and some people say, "Fine, how are you?"
What is the natural consequence for Jim’s behavior?
- A . increased number of friends
- B . continuous reinforcement
- C . improved social repertoire for Jim
- D . the responses of the people he meets
When shopping with her dad, Sally knocks items off the shelf, especially canned goods. The cans make a loud noise when they hit the floor. Her dad decides to teach her an alternative behavior.
What alternative behavior is the BEST choice to teach?
- A . Sally pushes the shopping cart with both hands.
- B . Sally drops items into the cart when her dad gives them to her.
- C . Sally keeps her hands in her pockets while in the store.
- D . Sally holds dad’s hand while shopping and gets to let go when quiet.
When setting criteria for behavior change, behavior analysts attempt to implement the simplest mode of intervention necessary to elicit the desired outcome.
As such, the identified outcome criteria should be
- A . applied to ecological assessments to generalize skills.
- B . developed prior to the identified intervention.
- C . initially broad in focus with subsequent reduction to a target response.
- D . measured independent of practice effects or reactivity.
Jamie and Morgan have similar behavior challenges and similar daily schedules. A behavior analyst has spent extensive time and effort on developing and implementing Morgan’s plan, which is proving to be very successful.
How should the behavior analyst proceed with developing a treatment plan for Jamie?
- A . Because the behaviors are topographically similar, implementing the plan designed for Morgan would be appropriate as it is the least restrictive option.
- B . Complete a separate functional assessment and plan for Jamie.
- C . Use the same plan for both, just ensure the ecological variables correspond to the student.
- D . Do a separate functional analysis, but the same behavior supports can be applied to both students.
The use of a withdrawal design is LEAST appropriate when:
- A . evaluating an intervention for severe problem behavior.
- B . evaluating the effects of an intervention for behavior that has multiple functions.
- C . extraneous variables cannot be controlled.
- D . multiple participants are being evaluated.
When using an alternating treatments design it is important to randomly:
- A . assign participants to treatment conditions.
- B . select participants from the population of interest.
- C . order treatment conditions presented during each phase.
- D . change each criterion level.
When using a changing criterion design, the BEST demonstration of experimental control would be produced if the:
- A . criterion level is changed in equal increments.
- B . criterion level is changed slightly on each manipulation.
- C . criterion level is set well above that of the behavior.
- D . behavior changes concurrently with the criterion level.
The PRIMARY advantage of using a multiple baseline design across subjects is that:
- A . an intervention may be applied to more than one individual.
- B . experimental control can be demonstrated without a reversal.
- C . it is the most effective method for establishing functional relations.
- D . more individuals benefit from the effects of an intervention.
Jamie frequently falls to the floor and screams at school. Preliminary behavioral assessment data indicate that his tantrums are maintained by attention and escape from demand situations. Jamie’s behavior analyst wants to examine precisely how attention and escape conditions affect these behaviors. The behavior analyst does not want to conduct the analysis in Jamie’s classroom because she would not be able to control for potentially important factors.
Relating to this scenario, which statement is TRUE?
- A . Analyses that involve experimental conditions are almost always conducted in the person’s natural environment.
- B . The behavior analyst could conduct the analysis in a vacant classroom, but the generality of the findings is an issue to be considered.
- C . The behavior analyst should conduct detailed interviews with the teacher and school staff to determine functional relations.
- D . Only if the analysis is conducted in Jamie’s classroom can a reasonable hypothesis be generated.
Carlos participated in a toothbrushing skill acquisition program. When he started the program, he needed physical assistance to perform each step. After two weeks, he met all objectives and was able to complete each step independently. The program involved the use of graduated guidance, praise, and token reinforcement. In the future, the behavior analyst would like to examine which procedures made the program most effective (i.e., guidance, praise, or token reinforcement).
To determine this, the behavior analyst could use a
- A . component analysis.
- B . discriminant analysis.
- C . nonparametric analysis.
- D . parametric analysis.
The behavior analyst has had good results with an intervention she designed that makes access to video games contingent upon playing with other children. She now wants to compare the effects of differing amounts of video game access time. She should conduct a
- A . changing criterion study.
- B . nonparametric study.
- C . parametric study.
- D . reversal study.
Which of the following measures would be the MOST appropriate for reporting head banging during each 5-minute interval of work?
- A . duration of head banging
- B . latency from a request to the first response
- C . rate of head banging
- D . inter-response time
A person "getting wet" in the rain is NOT considered an occurrence of behavior because "getting wet"
- A . does not specify an interaction between an organism and its environment.
- B . can occur under only one, very specific environmental condition.
- C . is a hypothetical construct and cannot therefore meet the criteria for an occurrence of behavior.
- D . does not have social or clinical significance in a science of human behavior.
The BEST definition for mouthing behavior would be any instance of Luke.
- A . placing his mouth on any object for at least 5 seconds.
- B . placing his open mouth on a non-nutritive object or placing a non-nutritive object in his mouth.
- C . making contact with his mouth to any non-nutritive object.
- D . mouthing a non-nutritive item for 3 or more consecutive instances within a 30 second interval.